Interobserver variation in the cytological diagnosis of cervical lesions poses a problem for public health screening programs. This study assessed the frequency of discordant diagnoses between two independent cytopathologists in the screening of African women. In Abidjan, C?d'Ivoire, 2157 women were recruited from three outpatient gynecology clinics and screened for cervical abnormalities and genital and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections. The degree of agreement between the cytopathologists was assessed by kappa statistics. The overall agreement was poor (kappa = 0.33); however, the degree of agreement increased with the severity of the lesions and was fairly good (kappa = 0.53) for high-grade and invasive lesions requiring curative treatment. Discordance was associated with HIV infection but not with genital infections. For a prevention program of cervical cancer in this African context, strategies must be developed to minimize errors in cervical screening. Particularly, HIV-infected women require a systematic rereading to reduce false-negative results.