P. Zimmet, K. Alberti, and J. Shaw, Global and societal implications of the diabetes epidemic, Nature, vol.414, issue.6865, pp.782-87, 2001.
DOI : 10.1038/414782a

M. Harris, R. Klein, and T. Welborn, Onset of NIDDM occurs at Least 4-7 yr Before Clinical Diagnosis, Diabetes Care, vol.15, issue.7, pp.815-834, 1992.
DOI : 10.2337/diacare.15.7.815

R. Bonadonna, M. Saccomani, L. Seely, K. Zych, E. Ferrannini et al., Glucose Transport in Human Skeletal Muscle: The In Vivo Response to Insulin, Diabetes, vol.42, issue.1, pp.191-98, 1993.
DOI : 10.2337/diab.42.1.191

W. Garvey, L. Maianu, J. Zhu, G. Brechtel-hook, and P. Wallace, Evidence for defects in the trafficking and translocation of GLUT4 glucose transporters in skeletal muscle as a cause of human insulin resistance., Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol.101, issue.11, pp.2377-86, 1998.
DOI : 10.1172/JCI1557

W. Garvey, M. Birnbaum, and . Editor, Ferrannini E Cellular insulin action and insulin resistance. Bailleiere s Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism: Insulin resistance and ' disease, pp.785-873, 1994.

J. Eriksson, A. Franssila-kallunki, A. Ekstrand, C. Saloranta, and E. Widen, Early Metabolic Defects in Persons at Increased Risk for Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.321, issue.6, pp.337-380, 1989.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJM198908103210601

S. Taylor and D. Accili, Insulin Resistance or Insulin Deficiency: Which Is the Primary Cause of NIDDM?, Diabetes, vol.43, issue.6, pp.735-775, 1994.
DOI : 10.2337/diab.43.6.735

J. Radziuk, Insulin Sensitivity and Its Measurement: Structural Commonalities among the Methods, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol.85, issue.12, pp.4426-4459, 2000.
DOI : 10.1210/jc.85.12.4426

E. Bessell, A. Foster, and J. Westwood, The use of deoxyfluoro-d-glucopyranoses and related compounds in a study of yeast hexokinase specificity, Biochemical Journal, vol.128, issue.2, pp.199-204, 1972.
DOI : 10.1042/bj1280199

B. Gallagher, J. Fowler, N. Gutterson, R. Macgregor, C. Wan et al., Metabolic trapping as a principle of radiopharmaceutical design: some factors responsible for the biodistribution of F 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose

L. Voipio-pulkki, P. Nuutila, M. Knuuti, U. Ruotsalainen, and M. Haaparanta, Teras M Heart and skeletal muscle glucose disposal in type 2 diabetic patients as determined by positron emission tomography, J Nucl Med, vol.34, pp.2064-2071, 1993.

O. Selberg, W. Burchert, J. Hoff, G. Meyer, H. Hundeshagen et al., Insulin resistance in liver cirrhosis. Positron-emission tomography scan analysis of skeletal muscle glucose metabolism., Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol.91, issue.5, pp.1897-1902, 1993.
DOI : 10.1172/JCI116407

D. Kelley, M. Mintun, S. Watkins, J. Simoneau, F. Jadali et al., The effect of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and obesity on glucose transport and phosphorylation in skeletal muscle., Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol.97, issue.12, pp.2705-2718, 1996.
DOI : 10.1172/JCI118724

G. Paternostro, P. Camici, A. Lammerstma, N. Marinho, and R. Baliga, Kooner JS Cardiac and skeletal muscle insulin resistance in patients with coronary heart disease

C. Ng, R. Soufer, and P. Mcnulty, Effect of hyperinsulinemia on myocardial fluorine-18-FDG uptake, J Nucl Med, vol.39, pp.379-83, 1998.

I. Yokoyama, T. Ohtake, S. Momomura, K. Yonekura, and N. Kobayakawa, Aoyagi T Insulin action on heart and skeletal muscle FDG uptake in patients with hypertriglyceridemia, J Nucl Med, vol.40, pp.1116-1137, 1999.

K. Williams, J. Price, and D. Kelley, Interactions of Impaired Glucose Transport and Phosphorylation in Skeletal Muscle Insulin Resistance: A Dose-Response Assessment Using Positron Emission Tomography, Diabetes, vol.50, issue.9, pp.2069-79, 2001.
DOI : 10.2337/diabetes.50.9.2069

K. Virtanen, P. Parkkola, R. Peltoniemi, P. Asola, and M. , Glucose Uptake and Perfusion in Subcutaneous and Visceral Adipose Tissue during Insulin Stimulation in Nonobese and Obese Humans, The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol.87, issue.8, pp.3902-3912, 2002.
DOI : 10.1210/jcem.87.8.8761

K. Williams, A. Bertoldo, B. Mattioni, J. Price, C. Cobelli et al., Glucose Transport and Phosphorylation in Skeletal Muscle in Obesity: Insight from a Muscle-Specific Positron Emission Tomography Model, The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol.88, issue.3, pp.1271-79, 2003.
DOI : 10.1210/jc.2002-021304

A. Bertoldo, J. Price, C. Mathis, S. Mason, D. Holt et al., -Glucose, The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol.90, issue.3
DOI : 10.1210/jc.2004-1092
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01261379

T. Csaky and J. Wilson, The fate of 3-O-14CH3-glucose in the rat, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, vol.22, issue.1, pp.185-191, 1956.
DOI : 10.1016/0006-3002(56)90237-2

G. Kloster, M. Ller-platz-Ü, C. Laufer, and P. , 3-[11C]-methyl-D-glucose, a potential agent for regional cerebral glucose utilization studies: Synthesis, chromatography and tissue distribution in mice, Journal of Labelled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals, vol.14, issue.6, pp.855-63, 1981.
DOI : 10.1002/jlcr.2580180611

L. Feinendegen, H. Herzog, H. Wieler, and D. Patton, Schmid A Glucose transport and utilization in the human brain: model using carbon-11 methylglucose and positron emission tomography, J Nucl Med, vol.27, pp.1867-77, 1986.

K. Vyska, C. Freundlieb, H. Ck-Ö, A. Becker, V. Schmid et al., Analysis of local perfusion rate (LPR) and local glucose transport rate (LGTR) in brain and heart in man by means of C-11-methyl-D-glucose (CMG) and dynamic positron emission tomography (dPET) Radioaktive isotope in klinik und forschung, Vienna Gasteiner International Symposium Ergmann H, pp.129-171, 1982.

R. Bonadonna, M. Saccomani, C. Cobelli, and . Editor, Ferrannini E In vivo glucose transport in human skeletal muscle: tools, problems and perspectives. Bailleiere s Clinical ' Endocrinology and Metabolism: Insulin Resistance and Disease, pp.929-60, 1993.

R. Bonadonna, D. Prato, S. Saccomani, M. Bonora, E. Gulli et al., Transmembrane glucose transport in skeletal muscle of patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes., Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol.92, issue.1, pp.486-94, 1993.
DOI : 10.1172/JCI116592

R. Bonadonna, D. Prato, S. Bonora, E. Saccomani, M. Gulli et al., Roles of Glucose Transport and Glucose Phosphorylation in Muscle Insulin Resistance of NIDDM, Diabetes, vol.45, issue.7, pp.915-940, 1996.
DOI : 10.2337/diab.45.7.915

G. Bignan, C. Ghezzi, C. Henry, F. Koumanov, and C. Morin, Ogier L Iodinated analogues of monosaccharides usable as radiopharmaceuticals, 1995.

C. Henry, F. Koumanov, C. Ghezzi, C. Morin, and J. Mathieu, [123I]-6-deoxy-6-iodo-d-glucose (6DIG): A potential tracer of glucose transport, Nuclear Medicine and Biology, vol.24, issue.6, pp.527-561, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0969-8051(97)00037-1

C. Henry, J. Tanti, T. Gr-meaux-É, C. Morin, and E. Van-obberghen, Characterization of 6-deoxy-6-iodo-D-glucose: A potential new tool to assess glucose transport, Nuclear Medicine and Biology, vol.24, issue.1, pp.99-104, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0969-8051(96)00182-5

P. Perret, C. Ghezzi, J. Mathieu, and C. Morin, Fagret D Assessment of insulin sensitivity in control and diabetic mice with a radioactive tracer of glucose transport

E. Charronneau and J. Mathieu, Large-scale synthesis and radiolabelling of 6-deoxy-6-iodo-d-glucose (6-DIG), Applied Radiation and Isotopes, vol.49, issue.12, pp.1605-1612, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0969-8043(97)10142-7

P. Faure, E. Rossini, J. Lafond, M. Richard, and A. Favier, Halimi S Vitamin E improves the free radical defense system potential and insulin-sensitivity of rats fed high-fructose diets, J Nutr, vol.127, pp.103-110, 1997.

P. Faure, E. Rossini, N. Wiernsperger, M. Richard, A. Favier et al., An insulin sensitizer improves the free radical defense system potential and insulin sensitivity in high fructose-fed rats, Diabetes, vol.48, issue.2, pp.353-360, 1999.
DOI : 10.2337/diabetes.48.2.353

P. Faure, J. Lafond, C. Coudray, E. Rossini, and S. Halimi, Zinc prevents the structural and functional properties of free radical treated-insulin, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Protein Structure and Molecular Enzymology, vol.1209, issue.2, pp.260-264, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0167-4838(94)90194-5

J. Jacquez, Compartmental analysis in biology and medicine, New York, 1972.

E. Carson and C. Cobelli, Finkelstein L The mathematical modelling of metabolic and endocrine system, 1983.

J. Distefano, . Iii, and C. Cobelli, Parameter and structural identifiability concepts and ambiguities: a critical review and analysis, Am J Physiol, vol.239, pp.7-24, 1980.

J. Distefano, . Iii, M. Jang, and T. Malone, Comprehensive Kinetics of Triiodothyronine Production, Distribution, and Metabolism in Blood and Tissue Pools of the Rat Using Optimized Blood-Sampling Protocols*, Endocrinology, vol.110, issue.1, pp.198-213, 1982.
DOI : 10.1210/endo-110-1-198

M. Larsson and J. Ware, Effects of Isotonic Fluid Load on Plasma Water and Extracellular Fluid Volumes in the Rat, European Surgical Research, vol.15, issue.5, pp.262-269, 1983.
DOI : 10.1159/000128366

J. Youn and J. Kim, Steil GM Assessment of extracellular glucose distribution and glucose transport activity in conscious rats, Am J Physiol, vol.268, pp.712-733, 1995.

G. Reaven, Role of Insulin Resistance in Human Disease, Diabetes, vol.37, issue.12, pp.1595-1607, 1988.
DOI : 10.2337/diab.37.12.1595

C. Cobelli and G. Toffolo, A model of glucose kinetics and their control by insulin, compartmental and noncompartmental approaches, Mathematical Biosciences, vol.72, issue.2, pp.291-315, 1984.
DOI : 10.1016/0025-5564(84)90114-7

D. James and K. Durleigh, Time Dependence of Insulin Action in Muscle and Adipose Tissue in the Rat In Vivo: An Increasing Response in Adipose Tissue with Time, Diabetes, vol.34, issue.10, pp.1049-54, 1985.
DOI : 10.2337/diab.34.10.1049

M. Saccomani, R. Bonadonna, D. Bier, and R. Defronzo, Cobelli C A model to measure insulin effects on glucose transport and phosphorylation in muscle: a three tracer study, Am J Physiol, vol.270, pp.170-85, 1996.

R. Defronzo, E. Jacot, E. Jequier, E. Maeder, J. Wahren et al., The Effect of Insulin on the Disposal of Intravenous Glucose: Results from Indirect Calorimetry and Hepatic and Femoral Venous Catheterization, Diabetes, vol.30, issue.12, pp.1000-1007, 1981.
DOI : 10.2337/diab.30.12.1000