F. Zoulim, Mechanism of viral persistence and resistance to nucleoside and nucleotide analogs in chronic Hepatitis B virus infection, Antiviral Research, vol.64, issue.1, pp.1-15, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S0166-3542(04)00162-7
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00136413

J. Delmas, O. Schorr, C. Jamard, C. Gibbs, C. Trepo et al., Inhibitory Effect of Adefovir on Viral DNA Synthesis and Covalently Closed Circular DNA Formation in Duck Hepatitis B Virus-Infected Hepatocytes In Vivo and In Vitro, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.46, issue.2, pp.425-433, 2002.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.46.2.425-433.2002

B. Werle-lapostolle, S. Bowden, S. Locarnini, K. Wursthorn, J. Petersen et al., Persistence of cccDNA during the natural history of chronic hepatitis B and decline during adefovir dipivoxil therapy1 ???, Gastroenterology, vol.126, issue.7, pp.1750-1758, 2004.
DOI : 10.1053/j.gastro.2004.03.018

S. Gunther, L. Fischer, I. Pult, M. Sterneck, and H. Will, Naturally Occurring Variants of Hepatitis B Virus, Adv Virus Res, vol.52, pp.25-137, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0065-3527(08)60298-5

R. Colonno, R. Rose, C. Baldick, S. Levine, K. Pokornowski et al., Entecavir resistance is rare in nucleoside na??ve patients with hepatitis B, Hepatology, vol.37, issue.6, pp.1656-1665, 2006.
DOI : 10.1002/hep.21422

S. Fung, H. Chae, R. Fontana, H. Conjeevaram, J. Marrero et al., Virologic response and resistance to adefovir in patients with chronic hepatitis B, Journal of Hepatology, vol.44, issue.2, pp.283-290, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jhep.2005.10.018

C. Lai, J. Dienstag, E. Schiff, N. Leung, M. Atkins et al., Prevalence and Clinical Correlates of YMDD Variants during Lamivudine Therapy for Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol.36, issue.6, pp.687-696, 2003.
DOI : 10.1086/368083

S. Litwin, E. Toll, A. Jilbert, and W. Mason, The competing roles of virus replication and hepatocyte death rates in the emergence of drug-resistant mutants: Theoretical considerations, Journal of Clinical Virology, vol.34, issue.1, pp.96-107, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/S1386-6532(05)80018-6

S. Locarnini, A. Hatzakis, J. Heathcote, E. Keeffe, T. Liang et al., Management of antiviral resistance in patients with chronic hepatitis B, Antivir Ther, vol.9, pp.679-693, 2004.

F. Zoulim, Antiviral therapy of chronic hepatitis B, Antiviral Research, vol.71, issue.2-3, pp.206-215, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.antiviral.2006.04.003
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00134589

O. Schildgen, H. Sirma, A. Funk, C. Olotu, U. Wend et al., Variant of Hepatitis B Virus with Primary Resistance to Adefovir, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.354, issue.17, pp.1807-1812, 2006.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa051214

F. Zoulim, In Vitro Models for Studying Hepatitis B Virus Drug Resistance, Seminars in Liver Disease, vol.26, issue.2, pp.171-180, 2006.
DOI : 10.1055/s-2006-939759

M. Allen, M. Deslauriers, C. Andrews, G. Tipples, K. Walters et al., Identification and characterization of mutations in hepatitis B virus resistant to lamivudine, Hepatology, vol.15, issue.6, pp.1670-1677, 1998.
DOI : 10.1002/hep.510270628

D. Durantel, S. Carrouee-durantel, B. Werle-lapostolle, M. Brunelle, C. Pichoud et al., A new strategy for studyingin vitro the drug susceptibility of clinical isolates of human hepatitis B virus, Hepatology, vol.281, issue.4, pp.855-864, 2004.
DOI : 10.1002/hep.20388

J. Villeneuve, D. Durantel, S. Durantel, C. Westland, S. Xiong et al., Selection of a hepatitis B virus strain resistant to adefovir in a liver transplantation patient, Journal of Hepatology, vol.39, issue.6, pp.1085-1089, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jhep.2003.09.022

H. Yang, X. Qi, A. Sabogal, M. Miller, S. Xiong et al., Cross-resistance testing of next-generation nucleoside and nucleotide analogues against lamivudine-resistant HBV The hepatitis B virus polymerase mutation rtV173L is selected during lamivudine therapy and enhances viral replication in vitro Selection of a multiple drugresistant hepatitis B virus strain in a liver-transplanted patient, Antivir Ther J Virol Gastroenterology, vol.1077131, issue.21, pp.625-63311833, 2003.

M. Brunelle, A. Jacquard, C. Pichoud, D. Durantel, S. Carrouee-durantel et al., Susceptibility to antivirals of a human HBV strain with mutations conferring resistance to both lamivudine and adefovir, Hepatology, vol.64, issue.6, pp.1391-1398, 2005.
DOI : 10.1002/hep.20723
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00133179

M. Dandri, M. Lutgehetmann, T. Volz, and J. Petersen, Small Animal Model Systems for Studying Hepatitis B Virus Replication and Pathogenesis, Seminars in Liver Disease, vol.26, issue.2, pp.181-191, 2006.
DOI : 10.1055/s-2006-939760

R. Rossau, A. Lok, F. Zoulim, S. Locarnini, A. Mangia et al., Line probe assay for monitoring drug resistance in hepatitis B virus-infected patients during antiviral therapy Monitoring drug resistance in chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV)-infected patients during lamivudine therapy: evaluation of performance of INNO-LiPA HBV DR assay, J Clin Microbiol J Clin Microbiol Hepatology, vol.384032, issue.26, pp.702-7073729, 2000.

F. Zoulim, New Nucleic Acid Diagnostic Tests in Viral Hepatitis, Seminars in Liver Disease, vol.26, issue.4, pp.309-317, 2006.
DOI : 10.1055/s-2006-951602

M. Yuen, E. Sablon, C. Hui, H. Yuan, H. Decraemer et al., Factors associated with hepatitis B virus DNA breakthrough in patients receiving prolonged lamivudine therapy, Hepatology, vol.34, issue.4, pp.785-791, 2001.
DOI : 10.1053/jhep.2001.27563

F. Zoulim, T. Poynard, F. Degos, A. Slama, A. Hasnaoui et al., A prospective study of the evolution of lamivudine resistance mutations in patients with chronic hepatitis B treated with lamivudine Long-term safety of lamivudine treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis B, J Viral Hepat Gastroenterology, vol.13125, pp.278-2881714, 2003.

S. Hadziyannis, G. Papatheodoridis, E. Dimou, A. Laras, C. Papaioannou et al., Histological outcome during long-term lamivudine therapy Long-Term Therapy With Adefovir Dipivoxil for HBeAg-Negative Chronic Hepatitis B for up to 5 Years Entecavir for treatment of lamivudine-refractory, HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B Increased risk of adefovir resistance in patients with lamivudine-resistant chronic hepatitis B after 48 weeks of adefovir dipivoxil monotherapy Prevention and treatment of recurrent Hepatitis B after liver transplantation: the current role of nucleoside and nucleotide analogues Stepwise process for the development of entecavir resistance in a chronic Hepatitis B virus infected patient Evolution of multi-drug resistant hepatitis B virus during sequential therapy, Hepatology Gastroenterology Gastroenterology Gastroenterology Hepatology Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob J Hepatol Hepatology, vol.3212413043544, issue.37, pp.847-851105, 2000.

V. Thibault, C. Aubron-olivier, H. Agut, and C. Katlama, Primary infection with a lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B virus, AIDS, vol.16, issue.1, pp.131-133, 2002.
DOI : 10.1097/00002030-200201040-00020

P. Lampertico, M. Vigano, E. Manenti, M. Iavarone, G. Lunghi et al., Adefovir rapidly suppresses hepatitis B in HBeAg-negative patients developing genotypic resistance to lamivudine, Hepatology, vol.126, issue.6, pp.1414-1419, 2005.
DOI : 10.1002/hep.20939

P. Andreone, Adefovir and lamivudine combination therapy is superior to adefovir monotherapy for lamivudine-resistant patients with HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis BAbstract LB5, p693A 43 Adefovir-resistant hepatitis B can be associated with viral rebound and hepatic decompensation, Hepatology J Hepatol, vol.4443, pp.937-943, 2005.