C. H. Rammelkamp and T. Maxon, Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to the Action of Penicillin., Experimental Biology and Medicine, vol.51, issue.3, pp.386-389, 1942.
DOI : 10.3181/00379727-51-13986

E. P. Abraham and E. Chain, An Enzyme from Bacteria able to Destroy Penicillin, Nature, vol.146, issue.3713, p.837, 1940.
DOI : 10.1038/146837a0

R. Leclercq, E. Derlot, J. Duval, C. , and P. , Plasmid-Mediated Resistance to Vancomycin and Teicoplanin in Enterococcus Faecium, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.319, issue.3, pp.157-161, 1988.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJM198807213190307

P. E. Reynolds, Structure, biochemistry and mechanism of action of glycopeptide antibiotics, European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, vol.157, issue.Supplement A, pp.943-950, 1989.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01967563

J. Van-heijenoort, Recent advances in the formation of the bacterial peptidoglycan monomer unit (1985 to 2000), Natural Product Reports, vol.18, issue.5, pp.503-519, 2001.
DOI : 10.1039/a804532a

M. Arthur, C. Molinas, F. Depardieu, C. , and P. , Characterization of Tn1546, a Tn3-related transposon conferring glycopeptide resistance by synthesis of depsipeptide peptidoglycan precursors in Enterococcus faecium BM4147., Journal of Bacteriology, vol.175, issue.1, pp.117-127, 1993.
DOI : 10.1128/jb.175.1.117-127.1993

M. Arthur, P. Reynolds, C. , and P. , Glycopeptide resistance in enterococci, Trends in Microbiology, vol.4, issue.10, pp.401-407, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0966-842X(96)10063-9

T. D. Bugg, G. D. Wright, S. Dutka-malen, M. Arthur, P. Courvalin et al., Molecular basis for vancomycin resistance in Enterococcus faecium BM4147: biosynthesis of a depsipeptide peptidoglycan precursor by vancomycin resistance proteins VanH and VanA, Biochemistry, vol.30, issue.43, pp.10408-10415, 1991.
DOI : 10.1021/bi00107a007

M. Arthur, F. Depardieu, L. Cabanie, P. Reynolds, C. et al., Requirement of the VanY and VanX D,D-peptidases for glycopeptide resistance in enterococci, Molecular Microbiology, vol.33, issue.4, pp.819-830, 1998.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2958.1998.01114.x

S. Chang, D. M. Sievert, J. Hageman, C. M. Boulton, F. C. Tenover et al., Resistance Gene, and the Vancomycin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Investigative Team, pp.1342-1347, 2003.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa025025

D. Billot-klein, L. Gutmann, S. Sable, E. Guittet, and J. Van-heijenoort, Modification of peptidoglycan precursors is a common feature of the low-level vancomycin-resistant VANB-type Enterococcus D366 and of the naturally glycopeptide-resistant species Lactobacillus casei, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, and Enterococcus gallinarum., Journal of Bacteriology, vol.176, issue.8, pp.2398-2405, 1994.
DOI : 10.1128/jb.176.8.2398-2405.1994

P. E. Reynolds, C. , and P. , Vancomycin Resistance in Enterococci Due to Synthesis of Precursors Terminating in D-Alanyl-D-Serine, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.49, issue.1, pp.21-25, 2005.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.49.1.21-25.2005

J. L. Mainardi, M. Fourgeaud, J. E. Hugonnet, L. Dubost, J. P. Brouard et al., A Novel Peptidoglycan Cross-linking Enzyme for a ??-Lactam-resistant Transpeptidation Pathway, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.280, issue.46, pp.38146-38152, 2005.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M507384200
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00015555

M. Nieto and H. R. Perkins, Modifications of the acyl-d-alanyl-d-alanine terminus affecting complex-formation with vancomycin, Biochemical Journal, vol.123, issue.5, pp.789-803, 1971.
DOI : 10.1042/bj1230789

J. L. Mainardi, V. Morel, M. Fourgeaud, J. Cremniter, D. Blanot et al., Balance between Two Transpeptidation Mechanisms Determines the Expression of ??-Lactam Resistance in Enterococcus faecium, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.277, issue.39, pp.35801-35807, 2002.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M204319200

A. Bouhss, N. Josseaume, A. Severin, K. Tabei, J. E. Hugonnet et al., Synthesis of the L-Alanyl-L-alanine Cross-bridge of Enterococcus faecalis Peptidoglycan, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.277, issue.48, pp.45935-45941, 2002.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M207449200

A. Arbeloa, J. E. Hugonnet, A. C. Sentilhes, N. Josseaume, L. Dubost et al., Synthesis of Mosaic Peptidoglycan Cross-bridges by Hybrid Peptidoglycan Assembly Pathways in Gram-positive Bacteria, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.279, issue.40, pp.41546-41556, 2004.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M407149200

J. L. Mainardi, R. Legrand, M. Arthur, B. Schoot, J. Van-heijenoort et al., Novel Mechanism of beta -Lactam Resistance Due to Bypass of DD-Transpeptidation in Enterococcus faecium, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.275, issue.22, pp.16490-16496, 2000.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M909877199

S. Bellais, M. Arthur, L. Dubost, J. E. Hugonnet, L. Gutmann et al., Aslfm, the D-Aspartate Ligase Responsible for the Addition of D-Aspartic Acid onto the Peptidoglycan Precursor of Enterococcus faecium, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.281, issue.17, pp.11586-11594, 2006.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M600114200
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00091439

M. Baptista, F. Depardieu, P. Reynolds, P. Courvalin, and M. Arthur, Mutations leading to increased levels of resistance to glycopeptide antibiotics in VanB-type enterococci, Molecular Microbiology, vol.25, issue.01, pp.93-105, 1997.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2958.1997.4401812.x

M. Arthur, F. Depardieu, P. Reynolds, C. , and P. , Quantitative analysis of the metabolism of soluble cytoplasmic peptidoglycan precursors of glycopeptide-resistant enterococci, Molecular Microbiology, vol.21, issue.1, pp.33-44, 1996.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2958.1996.00617.x

S. Biarrotte-sorin, J. E. Hugonnet, V. Delfosse, J. L. Mainardi, L. Gutmann et al., Crystal Structure of a Novel ??-Lactam-insensitive Peptidoglycan Transpeptidase, Journal of Molecular Biology, vol.359, issue.3, pp.533-538, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jmb.2006.03.014