M. Brinkhof, E. Balestre, and C. Graber, Catherine Seyler, Matthias Egger (principal investigator), Mauro Schechter

A. Gugulethu, . Programme, S. Gugulethu, and . Africa, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire; Initiative sénégalaise d'accès aux antirétroviraux (ISAARV), Dakar, Senegal ; ANRS 1215/1290 Study Group, Dakar, Senegal ; Women's Equity in Access To Treatment (WE-ACTx), Kigali; Independent Surgery, Participating centers Service des Maladies Infectieuses Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital Prospective Evaluation in the Use and Monitoring of Antiretrovirals in Argentina (PUMA) Hospital de Clinicas Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre

B. Hirschel, P. Francioli, P. Sudre, M. Wirz, and M. Flepp, Impact of new antiretroviral combination therapies in HIV infected patients in Switzerland: prospective multicentre study, Br Med J, vol.315, pp.1194-1203, 1997.

R. Hogg, B. Yip, C. Kully, K. Craib, O. Shaughnessy et al., Improved survival among HIV-infected patients after initiation of triple-drug antiretroviral regimens, CMAJ, vol.160, pp.659-65, 1999.

A. Mocroft, S. Vella, T. Benfield, A. Chiesi, V. Miller et al., Changing patterns of mortality across Europe in patients infected with HIV-1, The Lancet, vol.352, issue.9142, pp.1725-1755, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)03201-2

F. Dabis, E. Balestre, P. Braitstein, P. Miotti, W. Brinkhof et al., Antiretroviral Therapy in Lower Income Countries (ART-LINC): International collaboration of treatment cohorts, Int.J Epidemiol, vol.34, pp.979-86, 2005.

P. Braitstein, M. Brinkhof, F. Dabis, M. Schechter, A. Boulle et al., Mortality of HIV-1-infected patients in the first year of antiretroviral therapy: comparison between low-income and high-income countries, Lancet, vol.367, pp.817-841, 2006.

J. Fine and R. Gray, A Proportional Hazards Model for the Subdistribution of a Competing Risk, Journal of the American Statistical Association, vol.69, issue.446, pp.496-509, 1999.
DOI : 10.2307/2530374

L. Myer and W. Sadr, Expanding access to antiretroviral therapy through the public sector--the challenge of retaining patients in long-term primary care, S.Afr.Med J, vol.94, pp.273-277, 2004.

G. Chene, J. Sterne, M. May, D. Costagliola, B. Ledergerber et al., Prognostic importance of initial response in HIV-1 infected patients starting potent antiretroviral therapy: analysis of prospective studies, Lancet, vol.362, pp.679-86, 2003.

M. Carrieri, F. Raffi, C. Lewden, A. Sobel, C. Michelet et al., Impact of early versus late adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy on immuno-virological response: a 3-year follow-up study, Antivir.Ther, vol.8, pp.585-94, 2003.

L. Ferradini, A. Jeannin, L. Pinoges, J. Izopet, D. Odhiambo et al., Scaling up of highly active antiretroviral therapy in a rural district of Malawi: an effectiveness assessment, The Lancet, vol.367, issue.9519, pp.1335-1377, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68580-2

R. Zachariah, R. Teck, L. Buhendwa, M. Fitzerland, S. Labana et al., Community support is associated with better antiretroviral treatment outcomes in a resource-limited rural district in Malawi, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, vol.101, issue.1, pp.79-84, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.trstmh.2006.05.010

S. Lawn, L. Myer, G. Harling, C. Orrell, L. Bekker et al., Determinants of Mortality and Nondeath Losses from an Antiretroviral Treatment Service in South Africa: Implications for Program Evaluation, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol.43, issue.6, pp.770-776, 2006.
DOI : 10.1086/507095

J. Stringer, I. Zulu, J. Levy, E. Stringer, A. Mwango et al., Rapid Scale-up of Antiretroviral Therapy at Primary Care Sites in Zambia, JAMA, vol.296, issue.7, pp.782-93, 2006.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.296.7.782

P. Weidle, S. Malamba, R. Mwebaze, C. Sozi, G. Rukundo et al., Assessment of a pilot antiretroviral drug therapy programme in Uganda: patients' response, survival, and drug resistance, The Lancet, vol.360, issue.9326, pp.34-40, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)09330-3

P. Severe, P. Leger, M. Charles, F. Noel, G. Bonhomme et al., Antiretroviral Therapy in a Thousand Patients with AIDS in Haiti, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.353, issue.22, pp.2325-2359, 2005.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa051908

A. Calmy, L. Pinoges, E. Szumilin, Z. R. Ford, N. Ferradini et al., Generic fixed-dose combination antiretroviral treatment in resource-poor settings: multicentric observational cohort, AIDS, vol.20, issue.8, pp.1163-1172, 2006.
DOI : 10.1097/01.aids.0000226957.79847.d6
URL : http://fieldresearch.msf.org/msf/bitstream/10144/18315/1/calmy.pdf

R. Landman, R. Schiemann, S. Thiam, M. Vray, A. Canestri et al., Once-a-day highly active antiretroviral therapy in treatment-naive HIV-1-infected adults in Senegal, AIDS, vol.17, issue.7, pp.1017-1039, 2003.
DOI : 10.1097/00002030-200305020-00010

C. Laurent, N. Diakhate, N. Gueye, M. Toure, P. Sow et al., The Senegalese government's highly active antiretroviral therapy initiative: an 18-month follow-up study, AIDS, vol.16, issue.10, pp.1363-70, 2002.
DOI : 10.1097/00002030-200207050-00008

C. Danel, R. Moh, A. Anzian, Y. Abo, H. Chenal et al., Tolerance and Acceptability of an Efavirenz-Based Regimen in 740 Adults (Predominantly Women) in West Africa, JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, vol.42, issue.1, pp.29-35, 2006.
DOI : 10.1097/01.qai.0000219777.04927.50

C. Orrell, D. Bangsberg, M. Badri, and R. Wood, Adherence is not a barrier to successful antiretroviral therapy in South Africa, AIDS, vol.17, issue.9, pp.1369-75, 2003.
DOI : 10.1097/00002030-200306130-00011

M. Hochgesang, A. Kuyenda, M. Hosseinipour, S. Phiri, R. Weigel et al., Active tracing of ART patients lost to follow-up at Lighthouse shows that few stopped treatment for their own reasons, but many have died Ref Type: Abstract, XVI International AIDS Conference, 2006.

J. Yu, S. Chen, K. Wang, C. Chang, S. Makombe et al., True outcomes for patients on antiretroviral therapy who are "lost to follow-up" in Malawi, Bull World Health Organ, vol.85, pp.550-554, 2007.

D. Krebs, B. Chi, Y. Mulenga, R. Cantrell, and J. Levy, A community-based contact tracing program for patients enrolled in a district-wide program for antiretroviral therapy (ART). XVI International AIDS Conference, 2006.

L. Ivers, D. Kendrick, and K. Doucette, Efficacy of Antiretroviral Therapy Programs in Resource???Poor Settings: A Meta???analysis of the Published Literature, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol.41, issue.2, pp.217-241, 2005.
DOI : 10.1086/431199

K. Wools-kaloustian, S. Kimaiyo, L. Diero, A. Siika, J. Sidle et al., Viability and effectiveness of large-scale HIV treatment initiatives in sub-Saharan Africa: experience from western Kenya, AIDS, vol.20, issue.1, pp.41-49, 2006.
DOI : 10.1097/01.aids.0000196177.65551.ea