X. Feng and R. Derynck, Specificity and versatility in TGFsignaling through Smads, Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol, 2005.

F. Verrecchia and A. Mauviel, Control of connective tissue gene expression by TGF??: Role of smad proteins in fibrosis, Current Rheumatology Reports, vol.116, issue.2, pp.143-152, 2002.
DOI : 10.1007/s11926-002-0010-4
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00147404

Y. Shi and J. Massague, Mechanisms of TGF-?? Signaling from Cell Membrane to the Nucleus, Cell, vol.113, issue.6, pp.685-700, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00432-X

P. Ten-dijke and C. Hill, New insights into TGF-?????Smad signalling, Trends in Biochemical Sciences, vol.29, issue.5, pp.265-73, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tibs.2004.03.008

M. Trojanowska, E. Leroy, B. Eckes, and T. Krieg, Pathogenesis of fibrosis: type 1 collagen and the skin, Journal of Molecular Medicine, vol.76, issue.3-4, pp.266-74, 1998.
DOI : 10.1007/s001090050216

J. Uitto and D. Kouba, Cytokine modulation of extracellular matrix gene expression: relevance to fibrotic skin diseases, Journal of Dermatological Science, vol.24, pp.60-69, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0923-1811(00)00143-2

F. Verrecchia and A. Mauviel, Transforming Growth Factor-?? Signaling Through the Smad Pathway: Role in Extracellular Matrix Gene Expression and Regulation, Journal of Investigative Dermatology, vol.118, issue.2, pp.211-216, 2002.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2002.01641.x

F. Verrecchia and A. Mauviel, TGF-?? and TNF-??: antagonistic cytokines controlling type I collagen gene expression, Cellular Signalling, vol.16, issue.8, pp.873-80, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cellsig.2004.02.007
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00147459

A. Ghosh, Factors involved in the regulation of type I collagen gene expression: implication in fibrosis, Exp Biol Med (Maywood ), vol.227, pp.301-315, 2002.

K. Chung, A. Agarwal, J. Uitto, and A. Mauviel, An AP-1 Binding Sequence Is Essential for Regulation of the Human 2(I) Collagen (COL1A2) Promoter Activity by Transforming Growth Factor-, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.271, issue.6, pp.3272-3280, 1996.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.271.6.3272

F. Verrecchia, C. Tacheau, E. Wagner, and A. Mauviel, A Central Role for the JNK Pathway in Mediating the Antagonistic Activity of Pro-inflammatory Cytokines against Transforming Growth Factor-??-driven SMAD3/4-specific Gene Expression, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.278, issue.3, pp.1585-93, 2003.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M206927200

F. Verrecchia, E. Wagner, and A. Mauviel, Distinct involvement of the Jun-N-terminal kinase and NF-??B pathways in the repression of the human COL1A2 gene by TNF-??, EMBO reports, vol.3, issue.11, pp.1069-74, 2002.
DOI : 10.1093/embo-reports/kvf219

S. Chen, W. Yuan, Y. Mori, A. Levenson, M. Trojanowska et al., Stimulation of Type I Collagen Transcription in Human Skin Fibroblasts by TGF-??: Involvement of Smad 3, Journal of Investigative Dermatology, vol.112, issue.1, pp.49-57, 1999.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1523-1747.1999.00477.x

A. Poncelet and H. Schnaper, Sp1 and Smad Proteins Cooperate to Mediate Transforming Growth Factor-??1-induced ??2(I) Collagen Expression in Human Glomerular Mesangial Cells, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.276, issue.10, pp.6983-92, 2001.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M006442200

F. Verrecchia, M. Chu, and A. Mauviel, Identification of Novel TGF-??/Smad Gene Targets in Dermal Fibroblasts using a Combined cDNA Microarray/Promoter Transactivation Approach, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.276, issue.20, pp.17058-62, 2001.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M100754200

W. Yuan and J. Varga, Transforming Growth Factor-?? Repression of Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 in Dermal Fibroblasts Involves Smad3, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.276, issue.42, pp.38502-38512, 2001.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M107081200

K. Flanders, Smad3 as a mediator of the fibrotic response, International Journal of Experimental Pathology, vol.282, issue.2, pp.47-64, 2004.
DOI : 10.1111/j.0959-9673.2004.00377.x

A. Leask and D. Abraham, TGF-?? signaling and the fibrotic response, The FASEB Journal, vol.18, issue.7, pp.816-843, 2004.
DOI : 10.1096/fj.03-1273rev

G. Chin, W. Liu, Z. Peled, T. Lee, D. Steinbrech et al., Differential Expression of Transforming Growth Factor-?? Receptors I and II and Activation of Smad 3 in Keloid Fibroblasts, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, vol.108, issue.2, pp.423-432, 2001.
DOI : 10.1097/00006534-200108000-00022

P. Schmid, P. Itin, G. Cherry, C. Bi, and D. Cox, Enhanced expression of transforming growth factor-beta type I and type II receptors in wound granulation tissue and hypertrophic scar, Am J Pathol, vol.152, pp.485-93, 1998.

F. Verrecchia, Transforming growth factor-?? signaling through the Smad proteins: Role in systemic sclerosis, Autoimmunity Reviews, vol.5, issue.8, pp.563-569, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.autrev.2006.06.001
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00166114

P. Bonniaud, P. Margetts, M. Kolb, J. Schroeder, A. Kapoun et al., Progressive Transforming Growth Factor ??1???induced Lung Fibrosis Is Blocked by an Orally Active ALK5 Kinase Inhibitor, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.171, issue.8, pp.889-98, 2005.
DOI : 10.1164/rccm.200405-612OC

K. Flanders and J. Burmester, Medical Applications of Transforming Growth Factor-??, Clinical Medicine & Research, vol.1, issue.1, pp.13-20, 2003.
DOI : 10.3121/cmr.1.1.13

K. Flanders, C. Sullivan, M. Fujii, A. Sowers, M. Anzano et al., Mice Lacking Smad3 Are Protected Against Cutaneous Injury Induced by Ionizing Radiation, The American Journal of Pathology, vol.160, issue.3, pp.1057-68, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64926-7

J. Zhao, W. Shi, Y. Wang, H. Chen, B. Jr et al., Smad3 deficiency attenuates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice, American Journal of Physiology - Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, vol.282, issue.3, pp.585-93, 2002.
DOI : 10.1152/ajplung.00151.2001

A. Nakao, M. Fujii, R. Matsumura, K. Kumano, Y. Saito et al., Transient gene transfer and expression of Smad7 prevents bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in mice, Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol.104, issue.1, pp.5-11, 1999.
DOI : 10.1172/JCI6094

D. Abraham and J. Varga, Scleroderma: from cell and molecular mechanisms to disease models, Trends in Immunology, vol.26, issue.11, pp.587-95, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.it.2005.09.004

C. Derk and S. Jimenez, Systemic sclerosis: current views of its pathogenesis, Autoimmunity Reviews, vol.2, issue.4, pp.181-91, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S1568-9972(03)00005-3

L. Sakkas, New developments in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis, Autoimmunity, vol.21, issue.2, pp.113-119, 2005.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.cb.06.110190.003121

D. Farge, C. Henegar, M. Carmagnat, M. Daneshpouy, Z. Marjanovic et al., Analysis of immune reconstitution after autologous bone marrow transplantation in systemic sclerosis, Arthritis & Rheumatism, vol.50, issue.5, pp.1555-63, 2005.
DOI : 10.1002/art.21036

D. Furst and P. Clements, Hypothesis for the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis, J Rheumatol Suppl, vol.48, pp.53-60, 1997.

C. Denton and D. Abraham, Transforming growth factor-?? and connective tissue growth factor: key cytokines in scleroderma pathogenesis, Current Opinion in Rheumatology, vol.13, issue.6, pp.505-516, 2001.
DOI : 10.1097/00002281-200111000-00010

Y. Mori, S. Chen, and J. Varga, Expression and regulation of intracellular SMAD signaling in scleroderma skin fibroblasts, Arthritis & Rheumatism, vol.42, issue.7, pp.1964-78, 2003.
DOI : 10.1002/art.11157

C. Dong, S. Zhu, T. Wang, W. Yoon, Z. Li et al., Deficient Smad7 expression: A putative molecular defect in scleroderma, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.14, issue.6, pp.3908-3921, 2002.
DOI : 10.1172/JCI6094

C. Denton and C. Black, Targeted therapy comes of age in scleroderma, Trends in Immunology, vol.26, issue.11, pp.596-602, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.it.2005.09.002

A. Azuma, T. Nukiwa, E. Tsuboi, M. Suga, S. Abe et al., Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial of Pirfenidone in Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.171, issue.9, pp.1040-1047, 2005.
DOI : 10.1164/rccm.200404-571OC

P. Mcsweeney, R. Nash, K. Sullivan, J. Storek, L. Crofford et al., High-dose immunosuppressive therapy for severe systemic sclerosis: initial outcomes, Blood, vol.100, pp.1602-1612, 2002.

D. Farge, J. Marolleau, S. Zohar, Z. Marjanovic, J. Cabane et al., Autologous bone marrow transplantation in the treatment of refractory systemic sclerosis: early results from a French multicentre phase I-II study, British Journal of Haematology, vol.93, issue.3, pp.726-765, 2002.
DOI : 10.1002/sim.920

D. Farge, J. Passweg, J. Van-laar, Z. Marjanovic, C. Besenthal et al., Autologous stem cell transplantation in the treatment of systemic sclerosis: report from the EBMT/EULAR Registry, Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, vol.63, issue.8, pp.974-81, 2004.
DOI : 10.1136/ard.2003.011205

J. Van-laar, D. Farge, and A. Tyndall, Autologous Stem cell Transplantation International Scleroderma (ASTIS) trial: hope on the horizon for patients with severe systemic sclerosis, Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, vol.64, issue.10, p.1515, 2005.
DOI : 10.1136/ard.2005.043240