K. Miss, RTs during the priming test phase, which also corresponded to the incidental encoding phase of the recognition task, for the three priming conditions (''no-priming'', ''low-priming'' and ''high-priming'') according to the subsequent response type, Significant differences at p < .05 ( * ) and p < .001 ( *** ). Marginally significant difference between RTs at p =, p.7

U. N. See-dunn-macmillan, ) is hard to council with one-dimensional SD interpretation, even under 242 an unequal-variance model (Dunn, p.243, 2004.

. Furthermore, assumption) posit that when both 244 R and K scores increase between two experimental conditions, as between no-priming/low-priming and high- 245 priming conditions, 4 d 0 differences between R and RK points should be equals across conditions or possibly 246 decrease under an unequal-variance model. However, ANOVA showed that the d 0 difference between R and 247 RK points is significantly higher in the high-priming condition than in the no-priming condition 248 [F(1, 35) = 4.24, p < .05]. The same effect was observed between low-priming and high-priming conditions, pp.249-284

. Reder, who have reached the same conclusions) While this conclusion 271 only applies to our paradigm and does not rule out definitively one-dimensional SD models (see Hirshman 272 et al., 2002), it reinforces the idea that perceptual priming modulates the creation of new episodic memories 273 independently of familiarity or know judgments, especially when the nature of the recollected details (as the 274 sound context in our study) becomes critical, 2000.

. Howeverturk-browne-289, as being very largely sensory percep- 293 tual in nature This does not mean that information is encoded directly from percep- 294 tual memory into episodic memory without passing through semantic memory, as has been suggested as a 295 possible explanation for preserved performances on episodic memory tasks in semantic dementia Both semantic and perceptual representations are encoded within a new episodic memory trace 297 at the same time. Consequently, the reactivation of perceptual representations during incidental encoding 298 (leading to perceptual priming effects) tends to enhance the formation of new episodic memories. The disso- 299 ciation between episodic memory and familiarity/K judgments revealed by our results strongly supports this 300 view. Accordingly, when perceptual representations are too weakly reactivated, episodic memory creation 301 becomes difficult, leading to subsequent K judgments that are only enhanced by repetition (which probably 302 reinforces the conceptual network associated with the words), independently of perceptual priming. However, 303 with regard to this shared representations hypothesis, the potential mechanisms underlying the enhancement 304 of episodic memory by perceptual priming have yet to be identified Existing models of the creation and con- 305 solidation of memory traces (Johnson & Chalfonte for a 306 review, see Eichenbaum, 2000) and perceptual representations (for a review, see Grill-Spector) provide an interesting framework for potential explanations. 308 Firstly, in the visual domain, it has been suggested that a high level of perceptual priming may reflect the 309 expression of specific and exhaustive representations of the words In 310 the light of this hypothesis, our results suggest that episodic memory creation relies on sharpened perceptual 311 representations, with a high degree of perceptual priming at encoding improving the specificity of the episodic 312 memory trace. Perceptual priming thus enhances episodic memory creation in the sense that it improves the 313 specificity of the phenomenological details contained in the episodic memory trace. 314 Secondly, memory trace creation models postulate that the formation of episodic memories relies on the 315 binding of distinct representations elicited by a given event, thus allowing the creation of a new and highly 316 specific episodic trace (see above) Viewed from this perspective, our results suggest that the binding process 317 may be enabled or improved by perceptual priming. In support of this claim, our results showed that words 318 that were subsequently remembered with the correct sound context (R justified [+]) received greater perceptual 319 priming at encoding. Furthermore, perceptual priming only enhanced the proportion of words remembered 320 with the correct sound context (R-hits justified [+]) and was not related to the proportion of R-hits associated 321 with an incorrect sound context (R-hits justified Thus, the process of binding a word's perceptual repre- 322 sentations with its sound context at encoding would appear to be enhanced by perceptual priming, thereby 323 improving episodic memory creation. 324 Lastly, our results reveal an interesting bridge between the automatic unconscious process that is perceptual 325 priming and the higher degree of human consciousness that is episodic memory. However, while a number of 326 potential mechanisms underlying this link have been proposed in this article belong to a ''perceptual self, it might also be worthwhile taking a closer look at the perceptual 329 representations stored in perceptual memory which, given that they are different for each and every one of us cases where episodic memories are not particularly 331 associated with autobiographical knowledge the integra- 332 tion of highly perceptually primed representations may be a key mechanism for mentally reliving these epi- 333 sodic memories as self experienced events, pp.1375-330, 1994.

P. W. William, Banks for their helpful comments regarding an 338 earlier version of this manuscript. The authors also thank Elizabeth Portier for reviewing the English style and 339 Berengère Guillery and Mickael Laisney for their very appreciate help Recognition and source memory as multivariate decision processes, The authors thank Professor Endel Tulving, pp.267-273, 2000.

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