A. Roberts, A. Russo, A. Felici, and K. Flanders, Smad3: A Key Player in Pathogenetic Mechanisms Dependent on TGF-??, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol.276, issue.1, pp.1-10, 2003.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb03205.x

M. Cohen and . Jr, TGF beta/Smad signaling system and its pathologic correlates, Am J
DOI : 10.1002/ajmg.a.10750

F. Verrecchia and A. Mauviel, Transforming Growth Factor-?? Signaling Through the Smad Pathway: Role in Extracellular Matrix Gene Expression and Regulation, Journal of Investigative Dermatology, vol.118, issue.2, pp.211-216, 2002.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2002.01641.x

W. Chen and S. Wahl, TGF-β: Receptors, Signaling Pathways and Autoimmunity, Curr Dir Autoimmun, vol.5, pp.62-91, 2002.
DOI : 10.1159/000060548

D. Javelaud and A. Mauviel, Mammalian transforming growth factor-??s: Smad signaling and physio-pathological roles, The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, vol.36, issue.7, pp.1161-1166, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S1357-2725(03)00255-3

R. Akhurst, TGF-?? antagonists: Why suppress a tumor suppressor?, Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol.109, issue.12, pp.1533-1539, 2002.
DOI : 10.1172/JCI0215970

P. Siegel and J. Massague, Cytostatic and apoptotic actions of TGF-?? in homeostasis and cancer, Nature Reviews Cancer, vol.3, issue.11, pp.807-828, 2003.
DOI : 10.1038/nrc1208

L. Wakefield and A. Roberts, TGF-???? signaling: positive and negative effects on tumorigenesis, Current Opinion in Genetics & Development, vol.12, issue.1, pp.22-31, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0959-437X(01)00259-3

Y. Shi, J. Massague, A. Nakao, K. Okumura, and H. Ogawa, Mechanisms of TGF-beta signaling from cell membrane to the nucleus Smad7: a new key player in TGF-beta-associated disease, Cell Trends Mol Med, vol.1138, issue.10, pp.685-700361, 2002.

W. Shi, C. Sun, and B. He, GADD34-PP1c recruited by Smad7 dephosphorylates TGFbeta type I receptor Negative regulation of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) signaling by WW domain-containing protein 1 (WWP1), J Cell Biol Oncogene, vol.16423, issue.12, pp.291-3006914, 2004.

K. Krasagakis, C. Garbe, C. Zouboulis, and C. Orfanos, Growth Control of Melanoma Cells and Melanocytes by Cytokines, Recent Results Cancer Res, vol.139, pp.169-82, 1995.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-78771-3_12

U. Rodeck, T. Nishiyama, and A. Mauviel, Independent regulation of growth and SMADmediated transcription by transforming growth factor beta in human melanoma cells, Cancer Res, vol.59, pp.547-50, 1999.

D. Javelaud, V. Delmas, and M. Moller, Stable overexpression of Smad7 in human melanoma cells inhibits their tumorigenicity in vitro and in vivo TGF-beta signaling blockade inhibits PTHrP secretion by breast cancer cells and bone metastases development, Oncogene J Clin Invest, vol.24103, issue.16, pp.7624-9197, 1999.

Y. Kang, P. Siegel, and W. Shu, A multigenic program mediating breast cancer metastasis to bone, Cancer Cell, vol.3, issue.6, pp.537-586, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S1535-6108(03)00132-6

G. Mundy, Metastasis: Metastasis to bone: causes, consequences and therapeutic opportunities, Nature Reviews Cancer, vol.2, issue.8
DOI : 10.1038/nrc867

W. Kozlow and T. Guise, Breast Cancer Metastasis to Bone: Mechanisms of Osteolysis and Implications for Therapy, Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia, vol.97, issue.3 Suppl, pp.169-80, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s10911-005-5399-8

U. Rodeck, K. Melber, and R. Kath, Constitutive Expression of Multiple Growth Factor Genes by Melanoma Cells but Not Normal Melanocytes, Journal of Investigative Dermatology, vol.97, issue.1, pp.20-26, 1991.
DOI : 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12477822

J. Macdougall, H. Kobayashi, and R. Kerbel, Responsiveness of normal, dysplastic melanocytes and melanoma cells from different lesional stages of disease progression to the growth inhibitory effects of TGF-beta, Mol Cell Diff, vol.1, pp.21-40, 1993.

R. Moore, D. Champeval, and L. Denat, Involvement of cadherins 7 and 20 in mouse embryogenesis and melanocyte transformation, Oncogene, vol.23, issue.40, pp.6726-6761, 2004.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.onc.1207675

S. Dennler, S. Itoh, D. Vivien, P. Ten-dijke, S. Huet et al., Direct binding of Smad3 and Smad4 to critical TGFbeta -inducible elements in the promoter of human plasminogen activator inhibitor-type 1gene, The EMBO Journal, vol.17, issue.11, pp.3091-100, 1998.
DOI : 10.1093/emboj/17.11.3091

D. Javelaud, J. Laboureau, E. Gabison, F. Verrecchia, and A. Mauviel, Disruption of Basal JNK Activity Differentially Affects Key Fibroblast Functions Important for Wound Healing, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.278, issue.27, pp.24624-24632, 2003.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M301942200
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00147462

C. Daniels, M. Wilkes, and M. Edens, Imatinib mesylate inhibits the profibrogenic activity of TGF-?? and prevents bleomycin-mediated lung fibrosis, Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol.114, issue.9, pp.1308-1324, 2004.
DOI : 10.1172/JCI200419603

T. Guise, J. Yin, and S. Taylor, Evidence for a causal role of parathyroid hormone-related protein in the pathogenesis of human breast cancer-mediated osteolysis., Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol.98, issue.7, pp.1544-1553, 1996.
DOI : 10.1172/JCI118947

L. Vindevoghel, R. Lechleider, and A. Kon, SMAD3/4-dependent transcriptional activation of the human type VII collagen gene (COL7A1) promoter by transforming growth factor ??, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.95, issue.25, pp.14769-74, 1998.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.95.25.14769

C. Berking, R. Takemoto, and H. Schaider, Transforming growth factor-beta1 increases survival of human melanoma through stroma remodeling, Cancer Res, vol.61, pp.8306-8322, 2001.

W. Xu, K. Angelis, and D. Danielpour, Ski acts as a co-repressor with Smad2 and

J. Reed, E. Bales, W. Xu, N. Okan, D. Bandyopadhyay et al., Cytoplasmic localization of the oncogenic protein ski in human cutaneous melanomas in vivo: functional implications for transforming growth factor Beta signaling, Cancer Res, vol.61, pp.308074-308082, 2001.

E. Medrano, Repression of TGF-?? signaling by the oncogenic protein SKI in human melanomas: consequences for proliferation, survival, and metastasis, Oncogene, vol.22, issue.20, pp.3123-3132, 2003.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.onc.1206452

L. Gold, The role for transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) in human cancer

R. Derynck, R. Akhurst, and A. Balmain, TGF-beta signaling in tumor suppression and cancer progression, Nature Genetics, vol.29, issue.2, pp.117-146, 2001.
DOI : 10.1038/ng1001-117

K. Krasagakis, D. Tholke, B. Farthmann, J. Eberle, U. Mansmann et al., Elevated plasma levels of transforming growth factor (TGF)-??1 and TGF-??2 in patients with disseminated malignant melanoma, British Journal of Cancer, vol.77, issue.9, pp.1492-1496, 1998.
DOI : 10.1038/bjc.1998.245

K. Krasagakis, S. Kruger-krasagakes, and S. Fimmel, Desensitization of melanoma cells to autocrine TGF-? isoforms, Journal of Cellular Physiology, vol.1, issue.2, pp.179-87, 1999.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4652(199902)178:2<179::AID-JCP7>3.0.CO;2-5

F. Arguello, R. Baggs, and C. Frantz, A murine model of experimental metastasis to bone and bone marrow, Cancer Res, vol.48, pp.6876-81, 1988.

S. Bakewell, P. Nestor, and S. Prasad, Platelet and osteoclast ??3 integrins are critical for bone metastasis, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.100, issue.24, pp.14205-14215, 2003.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.2234372100

H. Ohno, K. Kubo, and H. Murooka, A c-fms tyrosine kinase inhibitor, Ki20227, suppresses osteoclast differentiation and osteolytic bone destruction in a bone metastasis model, Molecular Cancer Therapeutics, vol.5, issue.11, pp.2634-2677, 2006.
DOI : 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-05-0313

A. Minn, Y. Kang, and I. Serganova, Distinct organ-specific metastatic potential of individual breast cancer cells and primary tumors, Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol.115, issue.1, pp.44-55, 2005.
DOI : 10.1172/JCI22320DS1

Y. Kang, W. He, and S. Tulley, Breast cancer bone metastasis mediated by the Smad tumor suppressor pathway, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.102, issue.39, pp.13909-13923, 2005.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0506517102

M. Deckers, M. Van-dinther, and J. Buijs, The Tumor Suppressor Smad4 Is Required for Transforming Growth Factor ??-Induced Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition and Bone Metastasis of Breast Cancer Cells, Cancer Research, vol.66, issue.4, pp.2202-2211, 2006.
DOI : 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-3560

H. Azuma, S. Ehata, and H. Miyazaki, Effect of Smad7 Expression on Metastasis of Mouse Mammary Carcinoma JygMC(A) Cells, JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute, vol.97, issue.23, pp.1734-1780, 2005.
DOI : 10.1093/jnci/dji399

Y. Yang, O. Dukhanina, and B. Tang, Lifetime exposure to a soluble TGF-beta antagonist protects mice against metastasis without adverse side effects Inhibition of pulmonary and skeletal metastasis by a transforming growth factor-beta type I receptor kinase inhibitor, J Clin Invest Cancer Res, vol.10966, pp.1607-156714, 2002.

J. Nam, A. Suchar, and M. Kang, Bone Sialoprotein Mediates the Tumor Cell-Targeted Prometastatic Activity of Transforming Growth Factor ?? in a Mouse Model of Breast Cancer, Cancer Research, vol.66, issue.12, pp.6327-6362, 2006.
DOI : 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-0068

R. Muraoka, N. Dumont, and C. Ritter, Blockade of TGF-?? inhibits mammary tumor cell viability, migration, and metastases, Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol.109, issue.12, pp.1551-1560, 2002.
DOI : 10.1172/JCI0215234

C. Arteaga, Inhibition of TGF?? signaling in cancer therapy, Current Opinion in Genetics & Development, vol.16, issue.1, pp.30-37, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.gde.2005.12.009