. Triglycerides, 64 ×/÷ 1.49 *** 0, p.47

R. 1. Charles, M. Basdevant, A. Eschwege, and E. , Prevalence of obesity in adults in France: the situation in 2000 established from the OBEPI Study], Ann Endocrinol (Paris), vol.63, issue.2, pp.154-162, 2002.

K. Flegal, M. Carroll, and C. Ogden, Prevalence and Trends in Obesity Among US Adults, 1999-2000, JAMA, vol.288, issue.14, pp.1723-1730, 1999.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.288.14.1723

K. Sundquist, J. Qvist, and S. Johansson, Increasing trends of obesity in Sweden between, Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord, vol.97, issue.282, pp.254-61, 1996.

K. Huang, W. Lin, and L. Lee, Four anthropometric indices and cardiovascular risk factors in Taiwan, International Journal of Obesity, vol.26, issue.8, pp.1060-1068, 1999.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802047

D. Allison, M. Faith, and M. Heo, Hypothesis Concerning the U-shaped Relation between Body Mass Index and Mortality, American Journal of Epidemiology, vol.146, issue.4, pp.339-388, 1997.
DOI : 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009275

B. Heitmann, H. Erikson, and B. Ellsinger, Mortality associated with body fat, fat-free mass and body mass index among 60-year-old Swedish men???a 22-year follow-up. The study of men born in 1913, International Journal of Obesity, vol.24, issue.1, pp.33-40, 2000.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801082

L. Van-gaal, E. Rillaerts, and W. Creten, Relationship of Body Fat Distribution Pattern to Atherogenic Risk Factors in NIDDM: Preliminary Results, Diabetes Care, vol.11, issue.2, pp.103-109, 1988.
DOI : 10.2337/diacare.11.2.103

V. Eyben, F. Mouritsen, E. Holm, and J. , Intra-abdominal obesity and metabolic risk factors: a study of young adults*, International Journal of Obesity, vol.27, issue.8, pp.941-950, 1996.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802309

C. Frye and J. Heinrich, Trends and predictors of overweight and obesity in East German children, International Journal of Obesity, vol.27, issue.8, pp.963-972, 2003.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802321

Y. Matsushita, N. Yoshiike, and F. Kaneda, Trends in Childhood Obesity in Japan over the Last 25 Years from the National Nutrition Survey, Prevalence and trends in overweight among US children and adolescents, pp.205-219, 1999.
DOI : 10.1038/oby.2004.27

B. Heude, L. Lafay, and J. Borys, Time trend in height, weight, and obesity prevalence in school children from Northern France Body mass index in 7-9-y-old French children: frequency of obesity, overweight and thinness Central overweight and obesity in British youth aged 11-16 years: cross sectional surveys of waist circumference, Diabetes Metab Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord BMJ, vol.29, issue.3267390, pp.235-275, 1992.

M. Goran, . Gower, C. Maffeis, N. Corciulo, and C. Livieri, Relation between visceral fat and disease risk in children and adolescents Waist circumference as a predictor of cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors in obese girls, Am J Clin Nutr Eur J Clin Nutr, vol.70, issue.574, pp.149-156, 1999.

W. Lin, L. Lee, and C. Chen, Optimal cut-off values for obesity: using simple anthropometric indices to predict cardiovascular risk factors in Taiwan, International Journal of Obesity, vol.26, issue.9, pp.1232-1240, 2000.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802040

T. Cole, M. Bellizzi, and K. Flegal, Macronutrient energy intake and adiposity in non obese prepubertal children aged 5-11 y (the Fleurbaix Laventie Ville Sante Study) A comparison of proxy measures of abdominal obesity in Chinese, European and South Asian adults Tanner JM: Growth at adolescence. Oxford, UK, Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1962. 28. Friedewald WT, Levy RI, and Fredrickson DS: Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge Body Mass Index variations: centiles from birth to 87 years High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents: a working group report from the National High Blood Pressure Education Program. National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on Hypertension Control in Children and Adolescents al: The relation of overweight to cardiovascular risk factors among children and adolescents: the Bogalusa Heart Study, 34. Brown H and Prescott R: Applied Mixed Models in Medicine, pp.1240-1243, 1972.

J. Durnin, J. Womersley, M. Litaker, and S. Islam, Body fat assessed from total body density and its estimation from skinfold thickness: measurements on 481 men and women aged from 16 to 72 years Body-composition measurement in 9-11-y-old children by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, skinfold-thickness measurements, and bioimpedance analysis Predicting body composition by densitometry from simple anthropometric measurements, Br J Nutr Am J Clin Nutr Am J Clin Nutr, vol.32, issue.631, pp.77-97, 1974.

D. Peretti, C. Andler, W. Denzer, and C. , Surpoids et obésité chez les adolescents scolarisés en classe de troisième Cardiovascular risk factors in overweight German children and adolescents: relation to gender, age and degree of overweight, Etudes et Résultats Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis, vol.283, issue.153, pp.181-188, 2004.

K. Rexrode, V. Carey, and C. Hennekens, Abdominal Adiposity and Coronary Heart Disease in Women, JAMA, vol.280, issue.21, pp.1843-1851, 1998.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.280.21.1843

J. Wang, Waist circumference: a simple, inexpensive, and reliable tool that should be included as part of physical examinations in the doctor's office, Am J Clin Nutr, vol.78, issue.5, pp.902-905, 2003.

Z. Wang, W. Hoy, S. Grundy, H. Brewer, J. Cleeman et al., Waist circumference, body mass index, hip circumference and waist-to-hip ratio as predictors of cardiovascular disease in Aboriginal people, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol.58, issue.6, pp.888-93, 2004.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601891

M. Ashwell, T. Cole, and A. Dixon, Ratio of waist circumference to height is strong predictor of intra-abdominal fat, BMJ, vol.313, issue.7056, pp.559-60, 1996.
DOI : 10.1136/bmj.313.7056.559d

M. Ashwell, S. Lejeune, M. Hara, M. Saitou, E. Iwata et al., Waist-to-height ratio is the best predictor of cardiovascular disease risk factors in Japanese schoolchildren Waist-to-height ratio, a simple and practical index for assessing central fat distribution and metabolic risk in Japanese men and women: A population-based comparison of BMI percentiles and waist-to-height ratio for identifying cardiovascular risk in youth, BMJ J Atheroscler Thromb Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord J Pediatr, vol.312, issue.1464, pp.377-127, 1996.

S. Ho, T. Lam, and J. E. , Waist to stature ratio is more strongly associated with cardiovascular risk factors than other simple anthropometric indices Bertsias G, Mammas I, Linardakis M, et al: Overweight and obesity in relation to cardiovascular disease risk factors among medical students in Crete, Ann Epidemiol Greece. BMC Public Health, vol.13, issue.31, pp.683-91, 2003.

W. Dietz, Childhood weight affects adult morbidity and mortality, J Nutr, vol.128, issue.2

S. Daniels, J. Morrison, and D. Sprecher, Association of body fat distribution and cardiovascular risk factors in children and adolescents, Circulation, vol.52, issue.994, pp.411-414, 1998.

J. Price, F. Fowkes, A. Rosenbloom, J. Joe, and R. Young, Risk factors and the sex differential in coronary artery disease Emerging epidemic of type 2 diabetes in youth, Epidemiology Diabetes Care, vol.8, issue.222, pp.584-91, 1997.