G. Omenn, G. Goodman, and M. Thornquist, Effects of a Combination of Beta Carotene and Vitamin A on Lung Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.334, issue.18, pp.1150-1155, 1996.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJM199605023341802

D. Albanes, O. Heinonen, and P. Taylor, ??-Tocopherol and beta-Carotene Supplements and Lung Cancer Incidence in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study: Effects of Base-line Characteristics and Study Compliance, JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute, vol.88, issue.21, pp.1560-70, 1996.
DOI : 10.1093/jnci/88.21.1560

J. Virtamo, P. Pietinen, and J. Huttunen, Incidence of cancer and mortality following alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplementation : a postintervention follow-up, JAMA, vol.290, pp.476-85, 2003.

N. Malila, P. Taylor, and M. Virtanen, Effects of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplementation on gastric cancer incidence in male smokers (ATBC study, Finland), Cancer Causes and Control, vol.13, issue.7, pp.617-640, 2002.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1019556227014

J. Baron, B. Cole, and L. Mott, Neoplastic and Antineoplastic Effects of ??-Carotene on Colorectal Adenoma Recurrence: Results of a Randomized Trial, JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute, vol.95, issue.10, pp.717-739, 2003.
DOI : 10.1093/jnci/95.10.717

F. Clavel-chapelon, M. Van-liere, and C. Giubout, E3N, a French cohort study on cancer risk factors. E3N group. Étude épidémiologique auprès de femmes de l'Éducation Nationale, Eur J Cancer Prev, vol.6, pp.473-481, 1997.

C. Stein and G. Colditz, Modifiable risk factors for cancer, British Journal of Cancer, vol.90, issue.2, pp.299-303, 2004.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601509

URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2410150

M. Goodman, K. Mcduffie, and L. Kolonel, Case-control study of ovarian cancer and polymorphisms in genes involved in catecholestrogen formation and metabolism, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, vol.10, pp.209-225, 2001.

N. Knudsen, I. Bulow, and P. Laurberg, High occurrence of thyroid multinodularity and low occurrence of subclinical hypothyroidism among tobacco smokers in a large population study, Journal of Endocrinology, vol.175, issue.3, pp.571-577, 2002.
DOI : 10.1677/joe.0.1750571

A. Nkondjock and P. Ghadirian, Dietary carotenoids and risk of colon cancer: Case-control study, International Journal of Cancer, vol.69, issue.1, pp.110-116, 2004.
DOI : 10.1002/ijc.20066

R. Welch, E. Turley, and S. Sweetman, Dietary Antioxidant Supplementation and DNA Damage in Smokers and Nonsmokers, Nutrition and Cancer, vol.34, issue.2, pp.167-72, 1999.
DOI : 10.1207/S15327914NC3402_7

P. Palozza, S. Serini, D. Nicuolo, and F. , Prooxidant effects of ??-carotene in cultured cells, Molecular Aspects of Medicine, vol.24, issue.6, pp.353-62, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0098-2997(03)00031-1

P. Palozza, S. Serini, D. Nicuolo, and F. , ??-Carotene exacerbates DNA oxidative damage and modifies p53-related pathways of cell proliferation and apoptosis in cultured cells exposed to tobacco smoke condensate, Carcinogenesis, vol.25, issue.8, pp.1315-1340, 2004.
DOI : 10.1093/carcin/bgh142

M. Touvier, E. Kesse, F. Clavel-chapelon, and M. Boutron-ruault, Dual Association of ??-Carotene With Risk of Tobacco-Related Cancers in a Cohort of French Women, JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute, vol.97, issue.18, pp.1338-1382, 2005.
DOI : 10.1093/jnci/dji276

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00117451