P. Karayiannis, Hepatitis B virus: old, new and future approaches to antiviral treatment, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol.51, issue.4, pp.761-785, 2003.
DOI : 10.1093/jac/dkg163

C. Lai, R. Chien, N. Leung, T. Chang, R. Guan et al., A One-Year Trial of Lamivudine for Chronic Hepatitis B, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.339, issue.2, pp.61-68, 1998.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJM199807093390201

D. Lau, M. Khokhar, E. Doo, M. Ghany, D. Herion et al., Long-Term Therapy of Chronic Hepatitis B With Lamivudine, Hepatology, vol.5, issue.4, pp.828-834, 2000.
DOI : 10.1053/jhep.2000.17912

S. Hadziyannis, G. Papatheodoridis, E. Dimou, A. Laras, and C. Papaioannou, Efficacy of Long-Term Lamivudine Monotherapy in Patients With Hepatitis B e Antigen???Negative Chronic Hepatitis B, Hepatology, vol.30, issue.4, pp.847-851, 2000.
DOI : 10.1053/jhep.2000.17915

F. Zoulim, Hepatitis B virus resistance to antivirals: clinical implications and management, Journal of Hepatology, vol.39, pp.133-138, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0168-8278(03)00312-X

C. Lai, J. Dienstag, E. Schiff, N. Leung, M. Atkins et al., Prevalence and Clinical Correlates of YMDD Variants during Lamivudine Therapy for Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol.36, issue.6, pp.687-696, 2003.
DOI : 10.1086/368083

R. Ling, D. Mutimer, M. Ahmed, E. Boxall, E. Elias et al., Selection of mutations in the hepatitis B virus polymerase during therapy of transplant recipients with lamivudine, Hepatology, vol.24, issue.3, pp.711-713, 1996.
DOI : 10.1002/hep.510240339

M. Allen, M. Deslauriers, C. Andrews, G. Tipples, K. Walters et al., Identification and characterization of mutations in hepatitis B virus resistant to lamivudine, Hepatology, vol.15, issue.6, pp.1670-1677, 1998.
DOI : 10.1002/hep.510270628

G. Tipples, M. Ma, K. Fischer, V. Bain, N. Kneteman et al., Mutation in HBV RNA-dependent DNA polymerase confers resistance to lamivudine in vivo, Hepatology, vol.24, issue.3, pp.714-717, 1996.
DOI : 10.1053/jhep.1996.v24.pm0008781348

M. Melegari, P. Scaglioni, and J. Wands, Hepatitis B virus mutants associated with 3TC and famciclovir administration are replication defective, Hepatology, vol.22, issue.2, pp.628-633, 1998.
DOI : 10.1002/hep.510270243

S. Ono, N. Kato, Y. Shiratori, J. Kato, T. Goto et al., The polymerase L528M mutation cooperates with nucleotide binding-site mutations, increasing hepatitis B virus replication and drug resistance, Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol.107, issue.4, pp.449-455, 2001.
DOI : 10.1172/JCI11100

W. Delaney, H. Yang, C. Westland, K. Das, E. Arnold et al., The Hepatitis B Virus Polymerase Mutation rtV173L Is Selected during Lamivudine Therapy and Enhances Viral Replication In Vitro, Journal of Virology, vol.77, issue.21, pp.11833-11841, 2003.
DOI : 10.1128/JVI.77.21.11833-11841.2003

R. Perrillo, H. Hann, D. Mutimer, B. Willems, N. Leung et al., Adefovir dipivoxil added to ongoing lamivudine in chronic hepatitis B with YMDD mutant hepatitis B virus, Gastroenterology, vol.126, issue.1, pp.81-90, 2004.
DOI : 10.1053/j.gastro.2003.10.050

P. Marcellin, H. Mommeja-marin, S. Sacks, G. Lau, D. Sereni et al., A phase II dose-escalating trial of clevudine in patients with chronic hepatitis B, Hepatology, vol.75, issue.1, pp.140-148, 2004.
DOI : 10.1002/hep.20257

Y. Zhu, D. Dutschman, S. Liu, E. Bridges, and Y. Cheng, Anti-hepatitis B virus activity and metabolism of 2',3'-dideoxy-2',3'-didehydro-beta-L(-)-5- fluorocytidine, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, vol.42, pp.1805-1810, 1998.

L. Guerhier, F. Pichoud, C. Jamard, C. Guerret, S. Chevallier et al., Antiviral Activity of ??-L-2',3'-Dideoxy-2',3'-Didehydro-5-Fluorocytidine in Woodchucks Chronically Infected with Woodchuck Hepatitis Virus, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.45, issue.4, pp.1065-1077, 2001.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.45.4.1065-1077.2001

L. Guerhier, F. Pichoud, C. Guerret, S. Chevallier, M. Jamard et al., Characterization of the Antiviral Effect of 2',3'-Dideoxy-2', 3'-Didehydro-beta -L-5-Fluorocytidine in the Duck Hepatitis B Virus Infection Model, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.44, issue.1, pp.111-122, 2000.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.44.1.111-122.2000

R. Chin, T. Shaw, J. Torresi, V. Sozzi, C. Trautwein et al., In vitro susceptibilities of wild-type or drug-resistant hepatitis B virus to (-)-beta-D-2,6- diaminopurine dioxolane and 2'-fluoro-5-methyl-beta-L-arabinofuranosyluracil

S. Levine, D. Hernandez, G. Yamanaka, S. Zhang, R. Rose et al., Efficacies of Entecavir against Lamivudine-Resistant Hepatitis B Virus Replication and Recombinant Polymerases In Vitro, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.46, issue.8, pp.2525-2532, 2002.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.46.8.2525-2532.2002

D. Tenney, S. Levine, R. Rose, A. Walsh, S. Weinheimer et al., Clinical Emergence of Entecavir-Resistant Hepatitis B Virus Requires Additional Substitutions in Virus Already Resistant to Lamivudine, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.48, issue.9, pp.3498-3507, 2004.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.48.9.3498-3507.2004

T. Shaw and S. Locarnini, Entecavir for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B, Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, vol.2, issue.6, pp.853-871, 2004.
DOI : 10.1586/14789072.2.6.853

C. Ying, D. Clercq, E. Nicholson, W. Furman, P. Neyts et al., Inhibition of the replication of the DNA polymerase M550V mutation variant of human hepatitis B virus by adefovir, tenofovir, L-FMAU, DAPD, penciclovir and lobucavir, Journal of Viral Hepatitis, vol.42, issue.2, pp.161-165, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0166-0934(99)00070-1

G. Dore, D. Cooper, A. Pozniak, E. Dejesus, L. Zhong et al., Efficacy of Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate in Antiretroviral Therapy???Naive and ???Experienced Patients Coinfected with HIV???1 and Hepatitis B Virus, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.189, issue.7, pp.1185-1192, 2004.
DOI : 10.1086/380398

A. Kuo, J. Dienstag, and R. Chung, Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for the treatment of lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B, Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, vol.2, issue.3, pp.266-272, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S1542-3565(04)00017-5

B. Seigneres, C. Pichoud, P. Martin, P. Furman, C. Trepo et al., Inhibitory activity of dioxolane purine analogs on wild-type and lamivudine-resistant mutants of hepadnaviruses, Hepatology, vol.46, issue.3, pp.710-722, 2002.
DOI : 10.1053/jhep.2002.35070

D. Durantel, S. Carrouée-durantel, B. Werle-lapostolle, M. Brunelle, C. Pichoud et al., A new strategy for studyingin vitro the drug susceptibility of clinical isolates of human hepatitis B virus, Hepatology, vol.281, issue.4, pp.855-864, 2004.
DOI : 10.1002/hep.20388

M. Yu and J. Summers, Multiple functions of capsid protein phosphorylation in duck hepatitis B virus replication, J Virol, vol.68, pp.4341-4348, 1994.

R. Gaillard, J. Barnard, V. Lopez, P. Hodges, E. Bourne et al., Kinetic Analysis of Wild-Type and YMDD Mutant Hepatitis B Virus Polymerases and Effects of Deoxyribonucleotide Concentrations on Polymerase Activity, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.46, issue.4, pp.1005-1013, 2002.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.46.4.1005-1013.2002

S. Ono-nita, N. Kato, Y. Shiratori, T. Masaki, K. Lan et al., YMDD motif in hepatitis B virus DNA polymerase influences on replication and lamivudine resistance: A study byin vitrofull-length viral DNA transfection, Hepatology, vol.274, issue.3, pp.939-945, 1999.
DOI : 10.1002/hep.510290340

A. Bartholomeusz, B. Tehan, and D. Chalmers, Comparisons of the HBV and HIV polymerase, and antiviral resistance mutations, Antivir Ther, vol.9, pp.149-160, 2004.

L. Fu and Y. Cheng, Characterization of Novel Human Hepatoma Cell Lines with Stable Hepatitis B Virus Secretion for Evaluating New Compounds against Lamivudine- and Penciclovir-Resistant Virus, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.44, issue.12, pp.3402-3407, 2000.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.44.12.3402-3407.2000

F. Clavel and A. Hance, HIV Drug Resistance, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.350, issue.10, pp.1023-1035, 2004.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMra025195

K. Das, X. Xiong, H. Yang, C. Westland, C. Gibbs et al., Molecular Modeling and Biochemical Characterization Reveal the Mechanism of Hepatitis B Virus Polymerase Resistance to Lamivudine (3TC) and Emtricitabine (FTC), Journal of Virology, vol.75, issue.10, pp.4771-4779, 2001.
DOI : 10.1128/JVI.75.10.4771-4779.2001

A. Rang, S. Gunther, and H. Will, Effect of interferon alpha on hepatitis B virus replication and gene expression in transiently transfected human hepatoma cells, Journal of Hepatology, vol.31, issue.5, pp.791-799, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0168-8278(99)80279-7

R. De-man, L. Wolters, F. Nevens, D. Chua, M. Sherman et al., Safety and efficacy of oral entecavir given for 28 days in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection, Hepatology, vol.34, issue.3, pp.578-582, 2001.
DOI : 10.1053/jhep.2001.26815

C. Lai, M. Rosmawati, J. Lao, H. Van-vlierberghe, F. Anderson et al., Entecavir is superior to lamivudine in reducing hepatitis B virus DNA in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection, Gastroenterology, vol.123, issue.6, pp.1831-1838, 2002.
DOI : 10.1053/gast.2002.37058

F. Zoulim, Mechanism of viral persistence and resistance to nucleoside and nucleotide analogs in chronic Hepatitis B virus infection, Antiviral Research, vol.64, issue.1, pp.1-15, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.antiviral.2004.07.003
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00136413