L. Kanner, Autistic disturbances of affective contact, Nerv. Child, vol.2, pp.217-250, 1943.

C. Gillberg and L. Wing, Autism: not an extremely rare disorder, Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, vol.38, issue.6, pp.399-406, 1999.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02212720

J. Miles and R. Hillman, Value of a clinical morphology examination in autism, American Journal of Medical Genetics, vol.9, issue.4, pp.245-253, 2000.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(20000410)91:4<245::AID-AJMG1>3.0.CO;2-2

E. Ritvo, B. Freeman, C. Pingree, A. Mason-brothers, L. Jorde et al., The UCLA- University of Utah epidemiologic survey of autism: prevalence, Am. J. Psychiatry, vol.146, pp.194-199, 1989.

A. Bailey, L. Couteur, A. Gottesman, I. Bolton, P. Simonoff et al., Autism as a strongly genetic disorder: evidence from a British twin study, Psychological Medicine, vol.134, issue.01, pp.63-77, 1995.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01164.x

S. Steffenburg, C. Gillberg, L. Hellgren, L. Andersson, I. Gillberg et al., A Twin Study of Autism in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, vol.149, issue.3, pp.405-416, 1989.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01531288

A. Philippe, M. Martinez, M. Guilloud-bataille, C. Gillberg, M. Rastam et al., Genomewide scan for autism susceptibility genes, Paris Autism Research International Sibpair Study. Hum. Mol. Genet, vol.8, pp.805-812, 1999.

N. Risch, D. Spiker, L. Lotspeich, N. Nouri, D. Hinds et al., A Genomic Screen of Autism: Evidence for a Multilocus Etiology, The American Journal of Human Genetics, vol.65, issue.2, pp.493-507, 1999.
DOI : 10.1086/302497

S. Barrett, J. Beck, R. Bernier, E. Bisson, T. Braun et al., An autosomal genomic screen for autism. Collaborative Linkage Study of Autism, Am. J. Med. Genet, vol.88, pp.609-615, 1999.

J. Buxbaum, J. Silverman, C. Smith, M. Kilifarski, J. Reichert et al., Evidence for a Susceptibility Gene for Autism on Chromosome 2 and for Genetic Heterogeneity, The American Journal of Human Genetics, vol.68, issue.6, pp.1514-1520, 2001.
DOI : 10.1086/320588

M. Hollmann and S. Heinemann, Cloned Glutamate Receptors, Annual Review of Neuroscience, vol.17, issue.1, pp.31-108, 1994.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.ne.17.030194.000335

R. Dingledine, K. Borges, D. Bowie, and S. Traynelis, The glutamate receptor ion channels, Pharmacol. Rev, vol.51, pp.7-61, 1999.

E. Shimizu, Y. Tang, C. Rampon, and J. Tsien, NMDA Receptor-Dependent Synaptic Reinforcement as a Crucial Process for Memory Consolidation, Science, vol.290, issue.5494, pp.1170-1174, 2000.
DOI : 10.1126/science.290.5494.1170

B. Meldrum, Glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the brain: review of physiology and pathology, J. Nutr, vol.130, pp.1007-1015, 2000.

M. Carlsson, Hypothesis: Is infantile autism a hypoglutamatergic disorder? Relevance of glutamate ??? serotonin interactions for pharmacotherapy, Journal of Neural Transmission, vol.105, issue.4, pp.525-535, 1998.
DOI : 10.1007/s007020050076

H. Moreno-fuenmayor, L. Borjas, A. Arrieta, V. Valera, and L. Socorro-candanoza, Plasma excitatory amino acids in autism, Invest. Clin, vol.37, pp.113-128, 1996.

L. Rolf, F. Haarmann, K. Grotemeyer, and H. Kehrer, Serotonin and amino acid content in platelets of autistic children, Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, vol.53, issue.5, pp.312-316, 1993.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1981.tb01701.x

C. Lord, M. Rutter, L. Couteur, and A. , Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised: a revised version of a diagnostic interview for caregivers of individuals with possible pervasive developmental disorders Hinds D, Risch N. The ASPEX package: affected sib-pair mapping, J. Autism Dev. Disord, vol.24, issue.21, pp.659-685, 1994.
DOI : 10.1037/t18128-000

L. Kruglyak, M. Daly, M. Reeve-daly, and E. Lander, Parametric and nonparametric linkage analysis: a unified multipoint approach, Am. J. Hum. Genet, vol.58, pp.1347-1363, 1996.

A. Kong and N. Cox, Allele-Sharing Models: LOD Scores and Accurate Linkage Tests, The American Journal of Human Genetics, vol.61, issue.5, pp.1179-1188, 1997.
DOI : 10.1086/301592

R. Spielman, R. Mcginnis, and W. Ewens, Transmission test for linkage disequilibrium: the insulin gene region and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), Am. J. Hum. Genet, vol.52, pp.506-516, 1993.

R. Spielman and W. Ewens, The TDT and other family-based tests for linkage disequilibrium and association, Am. J. Hum. Genet, vol.59, pp.983-989, 1996.

W. Paschen, C. Blackstone, R. Huganir, and C. Ross, Human GluR6 Kainate Receptor (GRIK2): Molecular Cloning, Expression, Polymorphism, and Chromosomal Assignment, Genomics, vol.20, issue.3, pp.435-440, 1994.
DOI : 10.1006/geno.1994.1198

E. Hauser, M. Boehnke, S. Guo, and N. Risch, Affected-sib-pair interval mapping and exclusion for complex genetic traits: Sampling considerations, Genetic Epidemiology, vol.50, issue.2, pp.117-137, 1996.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2272(1996)13:2<117::AID-GEPI1>3.0.CO;2-5

L. Kruglyak and E. Lander, High-resolution genetic mapping of complex traits, Am. J. Hum. Genet, vol.56, pp.1212-1223, 1995.

A. Herb, M. Higuchi, R. Sprengel, and P. Seeburg, Q/R site editing in kainate receptor GluR5 and GluR6 pre-mRNAs requires distant intronic sequences., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.93, issue.5, pp.1875-1880, 1996.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.93.5.1875

P. Gregor, O. Hara, B. Yang, X. Uhl, and G. , Expression and novel subunit isoforms of glutamate receptor genes GluR5 and GluR6, NeuroReport, vol.4, issue.12, pp.1343-1346, 1993.
DOI : 10.1097/00001756-199309150-00014

E. Lander and L. Kruglyak, Genetic dissection of complex traits: guidelines for interpreting and reporting linkage results, Nature Genetics, vol.265, issue.3, pp.241-247, 1995.
DOI : 10.1038/ng0694supp-246

T. Lyttle, Cheaters sometimes prosper: distortion of mendelian segregation by meiotic drive, Trends in Genetics, vol.9, issue.6, pp.205-210, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0168-9525(93)90120-7

A. Ashley-koch, C. Wolpert, M. Menold, L. Zaeem, S. Basu et al., Genetic Studies of Autistic Disorder and Chromosome 7, Genomics, vol.61, issue.3, pp.227-236, 1999.
DOI : 10.1006/geno.1999.5968

C. Wolpert, M. Menold, M. Bass, M. Qumsiyeh, S. Donnelly et al., Three probands with autistic disorder and isodicentric chromosome 15, American Journal of Medical Genetics, vol.35, issue.3, pp.365-372, 2000.
DOI : 10.1002/1096-8628(20000612)96:3<365::AID-AJMG25>3.0.CO;2-X

D. Skuse, Imprinting, the X-Chromosome, and the Male Brain: Explaining Sex Differences in the Liability to Autism, Pediatric Research, vol.114, issue.1, pp.9-16, 2000.
DOI : 10.1203/00006450-200001000-00006

R. Gardner, D. Mackay, A. Mungall, C. Polychronakos, R. Siebert et al., An imprinted locus associated with transient neonatal diabetes mellitus, Human Molecular Genetics, vol.9, issue.4, pp.589-596, 2000.
DOI : 10.1093/hmg/9.4.589

H. Schiffer, G. Swanson, E. Masliah, and S. Heinemann, Unequal expression of allelic kainate receptor GluR7 mRNAs in human brains, J. Neurosci, vol.20, pp.9025-9033, 2000.

E. Garcia, S. Mehta, L. Blair, D. Wells, J. Shang et al., SAP90 Binds and Clusters Kainate Receptors Causing Incomplete Desensitization, Neuron, vol.21, issue.4, pp.727-739, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80590-5

R. Chittajallu, S. Braithwaite, V. Clarke, and J. Henley, Kainate receptors: subunits, synaptic localization and function, Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, vol.20, issue.1, pp.26-35, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0165-6147(98)01286-3

A. Contractor, G. Swanson, and S. Heinemann, Kainate Receptors Are Involved in Short- and Long-Term Plasticity at Mossy Fiber Synapses in the Hippocampus, Neuron, vol.29, issue.1, pp.209-216, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0896-6273(01)00191-X

C. Mulle, A. Sailer, G. Swanson, C. Brana, O. Gorman et al., Subunit Composition of Kainate Receptors in Hippocampal Interneurons, Neuron, vol.28, issue.2, pp.475-484, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0896-6273(00)00126-4

F. Kidd and J. Isaac, Developmental and activity-dependent regulation of kainate receptors at thalamocortical synapses, Nature, vol.400, pp.569-573, 1999.

L. Wang, F. Taverna, X. Huang, J. Macdonald, and D. Hampson, Phosphorylation and modulation of a kainate receptor (GluR6) by cAMP-dependent protein kinase, Science, vol.259, issue.5098, pp.1173-1175, 1993.
DOI : 10.1126/science.8382377

C. Mulle, A. Sailer, I. Perez-otano, H. Dickinson-anson, P. Castillo et al., Altered synaptic physiology and reduced susceptibility to kainate-induced seizures in GluR6-deficient mice, Nature, vol.392, pp.601-605, 1998.

I. Rapin and R. Katzman, Neurobiology of Autism, Annals of Neurology, vol.97, issue.1, pp.7-14, 1998.
DOI : 10.1002/ana.410430106

Y. Ben-ari and R. Cossart, Kainate, a double agent that generates seizures: two decades of progress, Trends in Neurosciences, vol.23, issue.11, pp.580-587, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0166-2236(00)01659-3
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00485223

A. Telfeian, H. Federoff, P. Leone, M. During, and A. Williamson, Overexpression of GluR6 in Rat Hippocampus Produces Seizures and Spontaneous Nonsynaptic Bursting in Vitro, Neurobiology of Disease, vol.7, issue.4, pp.362-374, 2000.
DOI : 10.1006/nbdi.2000.0294

C. Niswender, Recent advances in mammalian RNA editing, Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences CMLS, vol.54, issue.9, pp.946-964, 1998.
DOI : 10.1007/s000180050225

R. Reenan, The RNA world meets behavior: A???I pre-mRNA editing in animals, Trends in Genetics, vol.17, issue.2, pp.53-56, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0168-9525(00)02169-7

J. Egebjerg and S. Heinemann, Ca2+ permeability of unedited and edited versions of the kainate selective glutamate receptor GluR6., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.90, issue.2, pp.755-759, 1993.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.90.2.755

J. Schmitt, E. Dux, C. Gissel, and W. Paschen, Regional analysis of developmental changes in the extent of GluR6 mRNA editing in rat brain, Developmental Brain Research, vol.91, issue.1, pp.153-157, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0165-3806(95)00175-1

E. Grigorenko, W. Bell, S. Glazier, T. Pons, and S. Deadwyler, Editing status at the Q/R site of the GluR2 and GluR6 glutamate receptor subunits in the surgically excised hippocampus of patients with refractory epilepsy, NeuroReport, vol.9, issue.10, pp.2219-2224, 1998.
DOI : 10.1097/00001756-199807130-00013

Q. Cao, M. Martinez, J. Zhang, A. Sanders, J. Badner et al., Suggestive Evidence for a Schizophrenia Susceptibility Locus on Chromosome 6q and a Confirmation in an Independent Series of Pedigrees, Genomics, vol.43, issue.1, pp.1-8, 1997.
DOI : 10.1006/geno.1997.4815

D. Levinson, P. Holmans, R. Straub, M. Owen, D. Wildenauer et al., Multicenter Linkage Study of Schizophrenia Candidate Regions on Chromosomes 5q, 6q, 10p, and 13q: Schizophrenia Linkage Collaborative Group III **The Schizophrenia Linkage Collaborative Group III includes all authors, who are listed in the following order: study coordinators (Levinson, Holmans), principal investigators of each research group (Straub, Owen, Wildenauer, Gejman, Pulver, Laurent), and additional authors from each group, with groups listed according to the number of pedigrees contributed. Participating research groups are identified in the paper as ???MCV/Ireland??? (Straub, Kendler, Walsh), ???U Wales??? (Owen, Norton, Williams), ???U Bonn??? (Wildenauer, Schwab, Lerer); ???US/Aust??? (Levinson, Mowry), ???U Chicago??? (Gejman, Sanders), ???JHU??? (Pulver, Antonarakis, Blouin), and ???CNRS??? (Laurent, DeLeuze, Mallet)., The American Journal of Human Genetics, vol.67, issue.3, pp.652-663, 2000.
DOI : 10.1086/303041

M. Martinez, L. Goldin, Q. Cao, J. Zhang, A. Sanders et al., Follow-up study on a susceptibility locus for schizophrenia on chromosome 6q, American Journal of Medical Genetics, vol.12, issue.4, pp.337-343, 1999.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19990820)88:4<337::AID-AJMG9>3.0.CO;2-A

J. Meador-woodruff and D. Healy, Glutamate receptor expression in schizophrenic brain, Brain Research Reviews, vol.31, issue.2-3, pp.288-294, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0165-0173(99)00044-2

R. Porter, S. Eastwood, and P. Harrison, Distribution of kainate receptor subunit mRNAs in human hippocampus, neocortex and cerebellum, and bilateral reduction of hippocampal GluR6 and KA2 transcripts in schizophrenia, Brain Research, vol.751, issue.2, pp.217-231, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-8993(96)01404-7

D. Rubinsztein, J. Leggo, M. Chiano, A. Dodge, G. Norbury et al., Genotypes at the GluR6 kainate receptor locus are associated with variation in the age of onset of Huntington disease, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.12, issue.4, pp.3872-3876, 1997.
DOI : 10.1038/ng0496-348

A. Walter, D. Turner, J. Kim, M. Lyttle, P. Muller et al., Coaxial stacking of helixes enhances binding of oligoribonucleotides and improves predictions of RNA folding., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.91, issue.20, pp.9218-9222, 1994.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.91.20.9218