W. Willett, M. Stampfer, G. Colditz, B. Rosner, and F. Speizer, Relation of Meat, Fat, and Fiber Intake to the Risk of Colon Cancer in a Prospective Study among Women, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.323, issue.24, pp.1664-72, 1990.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJM199012133232404

T. Norat, A. Lukanova, P. Ferrari, and E. Riboli, Meat consumption and colorectal cancer risk: Dose-response meta-analysis of epidemiological studies, International Journal of Cancer, vol.33, issue.2, pp.241-56, 2002.
DOI : 10.1002/ijc.10126

M. Sandhu, I. White, and K. Mcpherson, Systematic review of the prospective cohort studies on meat consumption and colorectal cancer risk: a metaanalyticalapproach, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, vol.10, pp.439-485, 2001.

E. Wei, E. Giovannucci, K. Wu, B. Rosner, C. Fuchs et al., Comparison of risk factors for colon and rectal cancer, International Journal of Cancer, vol.99, issue.3, pp.433-475, 2004.
DOI : 10.1002/ijc.11540

A. Velie, E. Sinha, R. Chaterjee, N. Lacey, J. Jr et al., Meat, fat, and their subtypes as risk factors for colorectal cancer in a prospective cohort of women, Am J Epidemiol, vol.158, pp.59-68, 2003.

A. Chao, M. Thun, C. Connell, M. Mccullough, E. Jacobs et al., Meat Consumption and Risk of Colorectal Cancer, JAMA, vol.293, issue.2, pp.172-82, 2005.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.293.2.172

E. Giovannucci, E. Rimm, M. Stampfer, G. Colditz, A. Ascherio et al., Intake of fat, meat, and fiber in relation to risk of colon cancer in men, Cancer Res, vol.54, pp.2390-2397, 1994.

R. Bostick, J. Potter, L. Kushi, T. Sellers, K. Steinmetz et al., Sugar, meat, and fat intake, and non-dietary risk factors for colon cancer incidence in Iowa women (United States), Cancer Causes & Control, vol.102, issue.1, pp.38-52, 1994.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01830725

R. Goldbohm, P. Van-den-brandt, P. Van-'t-veer, H. Brants, E. Dorant et al., A prospective cohort study on the relation between meat consumption and the risk of colon cancer, Cancer Res, vol.54, pp.718-741, 1994.

M. Gaard, S. Tretli, and E. Loken, Dietary factors and risk of colon cancer: a prospective study of 50,535 young Norwegian men and women, Eur J Cancer Prev, vol.5, pp.445-54, 1996.

I. Kato, A. Akhmedkhanov, K. Koenig, P. Toniolo, R. Shore et al., Prospective study of diet and female colorectal cancer: The New York university women's health study, Nutrition and Cancer, vol.34, issue.3, pp.276-81, 1997.
DOI : 10.1093/ije/18.2.345

P. Pietinen, N. Malila, M. Virtanen, T. Hartman, J. Tangrea et al., Diet and risk of colorectal cancer in a cohort of Finnish men, Cancer Causes and Control, vol.10, issue.5, pp.387-96, 1999.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1008962219408

P. Singh and G. Fraser, Dietary Risk Factors for Colon Cancer in a Low-risk Population, American Journal of Epidemiology, vol.148, issue.8, pp.761-74, 1998.
DOI : 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009697

A. Hsing, J. Mclaughlin, W. Chow, L. Schuman, C. Co et al., Risk factors for colorectal cancer in a prospective study among U.S. white men, International Journal of Cancer, vol.323, issue.4, pp.549-553, 1998.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19980812)77:4<549::AID-IJC13>3.0.CO;2-1

E. Tiemersma, E. Kampman, H. Bueno-de-mesquita, A. Bunschoten, E. Van-schothorst et al., Meat consumption, cigarette smoking, and genetic susceptibility in the etiology of colorectal cancer: results from a Dutch prospective study, Cancer Causes and Control, vol.13, issue.4, pp.383-93, 2002.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1015236701054

M. Kobayashi, Y. Tsubono, T. Otani, T. Hanaoka, T. Sobue et al., Fish, Long-Chain n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, and Risk of Colorectal Cancer in Middle-Aged Japanese: The JPHC Study, Nutrition and Cancer, vol.49, issue.1, pp.32-40, 2004.
DOI : 10.1207/s15327914nc4901_5

D. English, R. Macinnis, A. Hodge, J. Hopper, A. Haydon et al., Red meat, chicken, and fish consumption and risk of colorectal cancer, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, vol.13, pp.1509-1523, 2004.

S. Larsson, J. Rafter, L. Holmberg, L. Bergkvist, and A. Wolk, Red meat consumption and risk of cancers of the proximal colon, distal colon and rectum: The Swedish Mammography Cohort, International Journal of Cancer, vol.30, issue.7, pp.829-863, 2005.
DOI : 10.1002/ijc.20658

S. Bingham and E. Riboli, Diet and cancer ??? the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition, Nature Reviews Cancer, vol.4, issue.3, pp.206-221, 2004.
DOI : 10.1038/nrc1298

S. Bingham, N. Day, R. Luben, P. Ferrari, N. Slimani et al., Dietary fibre in food and protection against colorectal cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC): an observational study, The Lancet, vol.361, issue.9368, pp.1496-501, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13174-1
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00110132

E. Riboli, K. Hunt, N. Slimani, P. Ferrari, T. Norat et al., European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC): study populations and data collection, Public Health Nutrition, vol.59, issue.6b, pp.1113-1137, 2002.
DOI : 10.1093/ije/26.suppl_1.S1

P. Ferrari, N. Slimani, A. Ciampi, A. Trichopoulou, A. Naska et al., Evaluation of under- and overreporting of energy intake in the 24-hour diet recalls in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC), Public Health Nutrition, vol.146, issue.6b, pp.1329-1374, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/0002-8223(93)91820-G

J. Linseisen, E. Kesse, N. Slimani, H. Bueno-de-mesquita, M. Ocke et al., Meat consumption in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohorts: results from 24-hour dietary recalls, Public Health Nutrition, vol.8, issue.6b, pp.1243-58, 2002.
DOI : 10.1006/appe.1999.0273

A. Welch, E. Lund, P. Amiano, M. Dorronsoro, M. Brustad et al., Variability of fish consumption within the 10 European countries participating in the European Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study, Public Health Nutrition, vol.47, issue.6b, pp.1273-85, 2002.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600475

N. Slimani, R. Kaaks, P. Ferrari, C. Casagrande, F. Clavel-chapelon et al., European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) calibration study: rationale, design and population characteristics, Public Health Nutrition, vol.142, issue.6b, pp.1125-1170, 2002.
DOI : 10.1079/PHN2002406

R. Kaaks, M. Plummer, E. Riboli, J. Esteve, and W. Van-staveren, Adjustment for bias due to errors in exposure assessments in multicenter cohort studies on diet and cancer: a calibration approach, Am J Clin Nutr, vol.59, issue.1, pp.245-50, 1994.

P. Ferrari, R. Kaaks, M. Fahey, N. Slimani, N. Day et al., Within- and Between-Cohort Variation in Measured Macronutrient Intakes, Taking Account of Measurement Errors, in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition Study, American Journal of Epidemiology, vol.160, issue.8, pp.814-836, 2004.
DOI : 10.1093/aje/kwh280

B. Rosner and R. Gore, Measurement Error Correction in Nutritional Epidemiology based on Individual Foods, with Application to the Relation of Diet to Breast Cancer, American Journal of Epidemiology, vol.154, issue.9, pp.827-862, 2001.
DOI : 10.1093/aje/154.9.827

S. Greenland and K. Rothman, Introduction to stratified analysis Lippincott-Raven, Modern epidemiology, pp.53-79, 1998.

S. Rohrmann, J. Linseisen, N. Becker, T. Norat, R. Sinha et al., Cooking of meat and fish in Europe???results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC), European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol.56, issue.12, pp.1216-1246, 2002.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601494

A. Cross, J. Pollock, and S. Bingham, Haem, not protein or inorganic iron, is responsible for endogenous intestinal N-nitrosation arising from red meat, Cancer Res, vol.63, issue.34, pp.2358-60, 2003.

S. Bingham, R. Hughes, and A. Cross, Effect of white versus red meat on endogenous N-nitrosation in the human colon and further evidence of a dose response, J Nutr, vol.132, issue.11, pp.3522-3527, 2002.

T. Sugimura, Nutrition and dietary carcinogens, Carcinogenesis, vol.21, issue.3, pp.387-95, 2000.
DOI : 10.1093/carcin/21.3.387

C. Sachse, G. Smith, M. Wilkie, J. Barrett, R. Waxman et al., A pharmacogenetic study to investigate the role of dietary carcinogens in the etiology of colorectal cancer, Carcinogenesis, vol.23, issue.11, pp.1839-1888, 2002.
DOI : 10.1093/carcin/23.11.1839

E. Kampman, M. Slattery, J. Bigler, M. Leppert, W. Samowitz et al., Meat consumption, genetic susceptibility, and colon cancer risk: a United States multicenter case-control study, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, vol.8, pp.15-24, 1999.

N. Lang, M. Butler, J. Massengill, M. Lawson, R. Stotts et al., Rapid metabolic phenotypes for acetyltransferase and cytochrome P4501A2 and putative exposure to food-borne heterocyclic amines increase the risk for colorectal cancer or polyps, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, vol.3, pp.675-82, 1994.

I. Roberts-thomson, W. Butler, and P. Ryan, Meat, metabolic genotypes and risk for colorectal cancer, European Journal of Cancer Prevention, vol.8, issue.3, pp.207-218, 1999.
DOI : 10.1097/00008469-199906000-00008

M. Murtaugh, C. Sweeney, K. Ma, B. Caan, and M. Slattery, The CYP 1A1 genotype may alter the association of meat consumption patterns and preparation with the risk of colorectal cancer in men and women, J Nutr, vol.135, pp.179-86, 2005.

S. Larsson, M. Kumlin, M. Ingelman-sundberg, and A. Wolk, Dietary long-chain n-3 fatty acids for the prevention of cancer: a review of potential mechanisms, Am J Clin Nutr, vol.79, pp.935-980, 2004.

R. Kaaks, E. Riboli, and W. Van-staveren, Calibration of Dietary Intake Measurements in Prospective Cohort Studies, American Journal of Epidemiology, vol.142, issue.5, pp.548-56, 1995.
DOI : 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117673

W. Willett, Commentary: Dietary diaries versus food frequency questionnaires???a case of undigestible data, International Journal of Epidemiology, vol.30, issue.2, pp.317-326, 2001.
DOI : 10.1093/ije/30.2.317

R. Jakes, N. Day, R. Luben, A. Welch, S. Bingham et al., Adjusting for energy intake--what measure to use in nutritional epidemiological studies?, International Journal of Epidemiology, vol.33, issue.6, pp.1382-1388, 2004.
DOI : 10.1093/ije/dyh181

N. Day, N. Mckeown, M. Wong, A. Welch, and S. Bingham, Epidemiological assessment of diet: a comparison of a 7-day diary with a food frequency questionnaire using urinary markers of nitrogen, potassium and sodium, International Journal of Epidemiology, vol.30, issue.2, pp.309-326, 2001.
DOI : 10.1093/ije/30.2.309

V. Kipnis, R. Carroll, L. Freedman, and L. Li, Implications of a New Dietary Measurement Error Model for Estimation of Relative Risk: Application to Four Calibration Studies, American Journal of Epidemiology, vol.150, issue.6, pp.642-51, 1999.
DOI : 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a010063

V. Kipnis, D. Midthune, L. Freedman, S. Bingham, N. Day et al., Bias in dietary-report instruments and its implications for nutritional epidemiology, Public Health Nutrition, vol.39, issue.6a, pp.915-938, 2002.
DOI : 10.1136/bmj.300.6726.708

N. Slimani, S. Bingham, S. Runswick, P. Ferrari, N. Day et al., Group level validation of protein intakes estimated by 24-hour diet recall and dietary questionnaires against 24-hour urinary nitrogen in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) calibration study, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, vol.12, pp.784-95, 2003.

W. Willett, Balancing Life-Style and Genomics Research for Disease Prevention, Science, vol.296, issue.5568, pp.695-703, 2002.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1071055

. Spanish-regional-governments-of-andalucia, B. Asturias, . Country, . Murcia, and I. Navarra, C03/09; the Swedish Cancer Society; the Swedish Scientific Council; the Regional Government of Skane, Sweden; Cancer Research UK; the Medical Research Council, the Food Standards Agency, U.K.; and the Wellcome Trust