J. Eskola, J. Lumio, and J. Vuopio-varkila, Resurgent diphtheria ? are we safe? British Medical Bulletin, pp.635-645, 1998.

T. Popovic, C. Kim, J. Reiss, M. Reeves, H. Nakao et al., Use of molecular subtyping to document long-term persistence of Corynebacterium diphtheriae in South Dakota, J Clin Microbiol, vol.37, pp.1092-1099, 1999.

S. Kombarova, C. Kim, V. Melnikov, M. Reeves, O. Borisova et al., Rapid Identification of Corynebacterium diphtheriae Clonal Group Associated with Diphtheria Epidemic, Russian Federation, Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol.7, issue.1, pp.133-136, 2001.
DOI : 10.3201/eid0701.010119

S. Kombarova, I. Mazurova, V. Melnikov, N. Kostyukova, K. Volkovoi et al., Genetic structure of Corynebacterium diphtheriae strains isolated in Russia during diphtheria epidemic process of different intensity, Zn Mikrobiol, vol.3, pp.3-8, 2001.

L. Titov, V. Kolodkina, A. Dronina, F. Grimont, P. Grimont et al., Genotypic and Phenotypic Characteristics of Corynebacterium diphtheriae Strains Isolated from Patients in Belarus during an Epidemic Period, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol.41, issue.3, pp.1285-1288, 2003.
DOI : 10.1128/JCM.41.3.1285-1288.2003

D. Zoysa, A. Efstratiou, A. George, R. Jahkola, M. Vuopio-varkila et al., Molecular epidemiology of Corynebacterium diphtheriae from Northwestern Russia and surrounding countries studied by using ribotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, J Clin Microbiol, vol.33, pp.1080-1083, 1995.

T. Popovic, S. Kombarova, M. Reeves, H. Nakao, I. Mazurova et al., Molecular epidemiology of diphtheria in Russia, pp.1985-1994

T. Popovic, I. Mazurova, A. Efstratiou, J. Vuopio-varkila, M. Reeves et al., Molecular epidemiologyof diphtheria, J Inf Dis, pp.168-177, 2000.

A. Sulakvelidze, M. Kekelidze, T. Gomelauri, Y. Deng, N. Khetsuriani et al., Diphtheria in the Republic of Georgia: use of molecular typing techniques for characterization of Corynebacterium diphtheriae strains, J Clin Microbiol, vol.37, pp.3265-3270, 1999.

A. Efstratiou, Corynebacterium diphtheriae: molecular epidemiology and characterisation studies on epidemic and sporadic isolates. Microbiology and Therapy, pp.63-71, 1995.

A. Efstratiou and R. George, Microbiology and Epidemiology of Diphtheria, Reviews in Medical Microbiology, vol.7, issue.1, pp.31-42, 1996.
DOI : 10.1097/00013542-199601000-00004

V. Skogen, V. Cherkasova, N. Maksimova, C. Marston, H. Sjursen et al., Molecular Characterization of Corynebacterium diphtheriae isolates, Russia, 1957???1987, Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol.8, issue.5, pp.516-518, 1957.
DOI : 10.3201/eid0805.010276

A. Efstratiou and C. Maple, WHO manual for the laboratory diagnosis of diphtheria. Reference no. ICP/EPI 038 (C) Who Regional Office for Europe Copenhagen Denmark, 1994.

B. Regnault, F. Grimont, and P. Grimont, Universal ribotyping method using a chemically labelled oligonucleotide probe mixture, Research in Microbiology, vol.148, issue.8, pp.649-659, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0923-2508(99)80064-3

P. Grimont, F. Grimont, A. Efstratiou, D. Zoysa, A. Mazurova et al., International nomenclature for Corynebacterium diphtheriae ribotypes, Research in Microbiology, vol.155, issue.3, pp.162-166, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.resmic.2003.12.005

N. Kostyukova, Lessons of diphtheria, Zn Mikrobiol, vol.2, pp.92-96, 1999.

R. Rappouli, M. Perugini, and E. Falsen, Molecular Epidemiology of the 1984???1986 Outbreak of Diphtheria in Sweden, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.318, issue.1, pp.12-16, 1988.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJM198801073180103

C. Vitek and M. Wharton, Diphtheria in the Former Soviet Union: Reemergence of a Pandemic Disease, Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol.4, issue.4, pp.539-550, 1998.
DOI : 10.3201/eid0404.980404

A. Mattos-guaraldi, L. Moreira, and P. Damasco, Diphtheria remains a threat to health in the developing world: an overview, Mem??rias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, vol.98, issue.8, pp.987-989, 2003.
DOI : 10.1590/S0074-02762003000800001