H. Sugita, M. Oka, J. Toguchida, T. Nakamura, T. Ueo et al., Anisotropy of osteoporotic cancellous bone, Bone, vol.24, issue.5, pp.513-529, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S8756-3282(99)00021-6

H. Frost, The mechanostat: a proposal pathogenic mechanism of osteoporosis and the bone mass effects of mechanical and nonmechanical agents, Bone Miner, vol.2, pp.73-85, 1987.

R. Aspden and D. Hukins, Determination of the direction of preferred orientation and the orientation distribution function of collagen fibrils in connective tissues from high-angle X-ray diffraction patterns, Journal of Applied Crystallography, vol.12, issue.3, pp.306-311, 1979.
DOI : 10.1107/S0021889879012516

M. Kirky, R. Aspden, and D. Hukins, Determination of the orientation distribution function for collagen fibrils in a connective tissu site from a high angle X-ray diffraction pattern, J of Applied Crystallography, vol.21, pp.929-934, 1988.

S. Wilkinson and D. Hukins, Automatic determination of diffuse-peak positions and the centre of a diffraction pattern, Journal of Applied Crystallography, vol.32, issue.2, pp.332-335, 1999.
DOI : 10.1107/S0021889898016161

D. Jaschouz, O. Paris, P. Roschger, H. Hwang, and P. Fratzl, Pole figure analysis of mineral nanoparticle orientation in individual trabecula of human vertebral bone, Journal of Applied Crystallography, vol.36, issue.3, pp.494-498, 2003.
DOI : 10.1107/S0021889803000566

C. Redon, L. Chermant, J. Chermant, and M. Coster, Assessment of fibre orientation in reinforced concrete using Fourier image transform, Journal of Microscopy, vol.191, issue.3, pp.258-265, 1998.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2818.1998.00393.x

H. Defossez, R. Hall, P. Walker, B. Wroblewski, P. Siney et al., Determination of the trabecular bone direction from digitised radiographs, Medical Engineering & Physics, vol.25, issue.9, pp.719-748, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S1350-4533(03)00123-1

M. Singh, A. Nagrath, and P. Maini, Changes in Trabecular Pattern of the Upper End of the Femur as an Index of Osteoporosis, The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery, vol.52, issue.3, pp.457-67, 1970.
DOI : 10.2106/00004623-197052030-00005

N. Aggarwal, G. Singh, R. Aggarwal, R. Kaur, and S. Thapar, A survey of osteoporosis using the calcaneum as an index, International Orthopaedics, vol.34, issue.2, pp.147-53, 1986.
DOI : 10.7326/0003-4819-77-1-63

W. Whitehouse, The quantitative morphology of anisotropic trabecular bone, Journal of Microscopy, vol.101, issue.2, pp.153-68, 1974.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2818.1974.tb03878.x

W. Geraets, Comparison of two methods for measuring orientation, Bone, vol.23, issue.4, pp.383-391, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S8756-3282(98)00117-3

T. Harrigan and R. Mann, Characterization of microstructural anisotropy in orthotropic materials using a second rank tensor, Journal of Materials Science, vol.32, issue.3, pp.761-67, 1984.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00540446

R. Goulet, S. Goldstein, M. Ciarelli, J. Kuhn, M. Brown et al., The relationship between the structural and orthogonal compressive properties of trabecular bone, Journal of Biomechanics, vol.27, issue.4, pp.375-89, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0021-9290(94)90014-0

P. Rüegsegger, B. Koller, and R. Müller, A microtomographic system for the nondestructive evaluation of bone architecture, Calcified Tissue International, vol.3, issue.1, pp.24-29
DOI : 10.1007/BF02509542

R. Fajardo and R. Muller, Three-dimensional analysis of nonhuman primate trabecular architecture using micro-computed tomography, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, vol.118, issue.Suppl, pp.327-363, 2001.
DOI : 10.1002/ajpa.1089

S. Majumdar, M. Kothari, P. Augat, D. Newitt, J. Lin et al., High-Resolution Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Three-Dimensional Trabecular Bone Architecture and Biomechanical Properties, Bone, vol.22, issue.5, pp.445-54, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S8756-3282(98)00030-1

G. Luo, J. Kinney, J. Kaufman, D. Haupt, A. Chiabrera et al., Relationship Between Plain Radiographic Patterns and Three- dimensional Trabecular Architecture in The Human Calcaneus, Osteoporosis International, vol.9, issue.4, pp.339-384, 1999.
DOI : 10.1007/s001980050156

C. Caldwell, K. Willett, A. Cuncins, and T. Hearn, Characterization of vertebral strength using digital radiographic analysis of bone structure, Medical Physics, vol.22, issue.5, pp.611-626, 1995.
DOI : 10.1118/1.597548

W. Geraets, P. Van-der-stelt, P. Lips, P. Elders, V. Ginkel et al., Orientation of the trabecular pattern of the distal radius around the menopause, Journal of Biomechanics, vol.30, issue.4, pp.363-70, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0021-9290(96)00154-6

C. Jiang, M. Giger, M. Chinander, J. Martell, S. Kwak et al., Characterization of bone quality using computer-extracted radiographic features, Medical Physics, vol.101, issue.6, pp.872-881, 1999.
DOI : 10.1118/1.598604

C. Oxnard, Bone and bones, architecture and stress, fossils and osteoporosis, Journal of Biomechanics, vol.26, pp.63-79, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0021-9290(93)90080-X

A. Buck, R. Price, I. Sweetman, and C. Oxnard, An investigation of thoracic and lumbar cancellous vertebral architecture using power-spectral analysis of plain radiographs*, Journal of Anatomy, vol.200, issue.5, pp.445-56, 2002.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1469-7580.2002.00051.x

C. Wigderowitz, E. Abel, and D. Rowley, Evaluation of cancellous structure in the distal radius using spectral analysis, Clin Orthop Related Res, vol.335, pp.152-61, 1997.

P. Caligiuri, M. Giger, M. Favus, J. Hong, K. Doi et al., Computerized radiographic analysis of osteoporosis: preliminary evaluation., Radiology, vol.186, issue.2, pp.471-474, 1993.
DOI : 10.1148/radiology.186.2.8421753

J. Gregory, A. Stewart, P. Undrill, D. Reid, and R. Aspden, Identification of hip fracture patients from radiographs using Fourier analysis of the trabecular structure: a cross-sectional study, BMC Medical Imaging, vol.21, issue.1, p.4, 2004.
DOI : 10.1097/00004424-198609000-00009

C. Benhamou, E. Lespessailles, G. Jacquet, R. Harba, R. Jennane et al., Fractal organization of trabecular bone images on calcaneus radiographs, Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, vol.2, issue.1, pp.1909-1927, 1994.
DOI : 10.1002/jbmr.5650091210

C. Benhamou, S. Poupon, E. Lespessailles, S. Loiseau, R. Jennane et al., Fractal Analysis of Radiographic Trabecular Bone Texture and Bone Mineral Density: Two Complementary Parameters Related to Osteoporotic Fractures, Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, vol.8, issue.4, pp.697-704, 2001.
DOI : 10.1359/jbmr.2001.16.4.697
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00768782

L. Pothuaud, E. Lespessailles, R. Harba, R. Jennane, V. Royant et al., Fractal Analysis of Trabecular Bone Texture on Radiographs: Discriminant Value in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis, Osteoporosis International, vol.8, issue.6, pp.618-643, 1998.
DOI : 10.1007/s001980050108

C. Jiang, R. Pitt, J. Bertram, and D. Aneshansley, Fractal-based image texture analysis of trabecular bone architecture, Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing, vol.101, issue.Suppl 1, pp.413-431, 1999.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02513322

E. Lespessailles, G. Jacquet, R. Harba, R. Jennane, T. Loussot et al., Anisotropy measurement obtained by fractal analysis of trabecular bone at the calcaneus and radius, Rev Rhum, vol.63, pp.337-380, 1996.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00768786

J. Lin, M. Amling, D. Newitt, K. Selby, S. Srivastav et al., Heterogeneity of Trabecular Bone Structure in the Calcaneus Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Osteoporosis International, vol.8, issue.1, pp.16-24, 1998.
DOI : 10.1007/s001980050043

W. Geraets, P. Van-der-stelt, and C. Netelenbos, A new method for automatic recognition of the radiographic trabecular pattern, Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, vol.3, issue.3, pp.227-260, 1990.
DOI : 10.1002/jbmr.5650050305

C. Glüer, G. Blake, Y. Lu, B. Blunt, M. Jergas et al., Accurate assessment of precision errors: How to measure the reproducibility of bone densitometry techniques, Osteoporosis International, vol.52, issue.4, pp.262-70, 1995.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01774016

B. Rosner, W. Willett, and D. Spiegelman, Correction of logistic regression relative risk estimates and confidence intervals for systematic within-person measurement error, Statistics in Medicine, vol.121, issue.1, pp.1051-69, 1989.
DOI : 10.1002/sim.4780080905

L. Pothuaud, C. Benhamou, P. Porion, E. Lespessailles, R. Harba et al., Fractal Dimension of Trabecular Bone Projection Texture Is Related to Three-Dimensional Microarchitecture, Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, vol.53, issue.4, pp.691-99, 2000.
DOI : 10.1359/jbmr.2000.15.4.691

H. Genant, K. Engelke, T. Fuerst, C. Gluer, S. Grampp et al., Noninvasive assessment of bone mineral and structure: State of the art, Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, vol.2, issue.P, pp.707-737, 1996.
DOI : 10.1002/jbmr.5650110602

D. Newitt, S. Majumdar, B. Van-rietbergen, V. Ingersleben, G. Harris et al., In vivo assessment of architecture and micro-finite element analysis derived indices of mechanical properties of trabecular bone in the radius, Osteoporosis Int, vol.131, pp.6-17, 2002.

A. Odgaard, E. Jensen, and J. Gundersen, Estimation of structural anisotropy based on volume orientation. A new concept, Journal of Microscopy, vol.52, issue.2, pp.149-62, 1990.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2818.1990.tb02955.x

L. Cruz-orive, L. Karlsson, S. Larsen, and F. Wainschtein, Characterizing anisotropy : a new concept. Micron and Microscopica Acta, pp.75-76, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0739-6260(92)90076-p

N. Jhamaria, K. Lal, M. Udawat, P. Banerji, and S. Kabra, The trabecular pattern of the calcaneum as an index of osteoporosis, J of Bone and Joint Surgery, vol.65, pp.195-98, 1983.

L. Mosekilde, A. Viidik, and L. Mosekilde, Correlation between the compressive strength of iliac and vertebral trabecular bone in normal individuals, Bone, vol.6, issue.5, pp.291-95, 1985.
DOI : 10.1016/8756-3282(85)90317-5

T. Ciarelli, D. Fyrie, M. Schaffler, and S. Goldstein, Variations in Three-Dimensional Cancellous Bone Architecture of the Proximal Femur in Female Hip Fractures and in Controls, Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, vol.31, issue.Suppl 1, pp.32-40, 2000.
DOI : 10.1359/jbmr.2000.15.1.32

W. Geraets, P. Van-der-stelt, P. Lips, V. Ginkel, and F. , The Radiographic Trabecular Pattern of Hips in Patients With Hip Fractures and in Elderly Control Subjects, Bone, vol.22, issue.2, pp.165-73, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S8756-3282(97)00233-0

J. Zhao, Y. Jiang, R. Recker, and . Draper-mw, Genant HKI: liac threedimensional trabecular microarchitecture in premenopausal healthy women and postmenopausal osteoporotic women with and without fracture, J Bone Miner Res, vol.17, p.468, 2001.

P. Laugier, B. Fournier, and G. Berger, Ultrasound Parametric Imaging of the Calcaneus: In Vivo Results with a New Device, Calcified Tissue International, vol.58, issue.5, pp.326-357, 1996.
DOI : 10.1007/s002239900053