M. Matsika-claquin, M. Massanga, D. Menard, J. Mazi-nzapako, J. Tenegbia et al., HIV epidemic in central african republic: High prevalence rates in both rural and urban areas, Journal of Medical Virology, vol.14, issue.Suppl, pp.358-362, 2004.
DOI : 10.1002/jmv.20001

Z. Bentwich, A. Kalinkovich, and Z. Weisman, Immune activation is a dominant factor in the pathogenesis of African AIDS, Immunology Today, vol.16, issue.4, pp.187-191, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0167-5699(95)80119-7

G. Rizzardini, D. Trabattoni, M. Saresella, S. Piconi, M. Lukwiya et al., Immune activation in HIV-infected African individuals, AIDS, vol.12, issue.18, pp.2387-2396, 1998.
DOI : 10.1097/00002030-199818000-00007

M. Eggena, B. Barugahare, M. Okello, S. Mutyala, N. Jones et al., T Cell Depletion, and Coinfection, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.191, issue.5, pp.694-701, 2005.
DOI : 10.1086/427516

S. Koblavi-deme, M. Maran, N. Kabran, M. Borget, M. Kalou et al., Changes in levels of immune activation and reconstitution markers among HIV-1-infected Africans receiving antiretroviral therapy, AIDS, vol.17, issue.3, pp.17-22, 2003.
DOI : 10.1097/00002030-200317003-00003

M. Clerici, S. Butto, M. Lukwiya, M. Saresella, S. Declich et al., Immune activation in Africa is environmentally-driven and is associated with upregulation of CCR5, AIDS, vol.14, issue.14, pp.2083-2092, 2000.
DOI : 10.1097/00002030-200009290-00003

T. Messele, M. Abdulkadir, A. Fontanet, B. Petros, D. Hamann et al., Reduced naive and increased activated CD4 and CD8 cells in healthy adult Ethiopians compared with their Dutch counterparts, Clinical and Experimental Immunology, vol.135, issue.3, pp.443-450, 1999.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.94.5.1925

K. Kemp, B. Akanmori, and L. Hviid, West African donors have high percentages of activated cytokine producing T cells that are prone to apoptosis, Clinical and Experimental Immunology, vol.171, issue.1, pp.69-75, 2001.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2000.01243.x

A. Kassu, A. Tsegaye, B. Petros, D. Wolday, E. Hailu et al., Distribution of Lymphocyte Subsets in Healthy Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Negative Adult Ethiopians from Two Geographic Locales, Clinical and Vaccine Immunology, vol.8, issue.6, pp.1171-1176, 2001.
DOI : 10.1128/CDLI.8.6.1171-1176.2001

O. Shapira-nahor, A. Kalinkovich, Z. Weisman, Z. Greenberg, J. Nahmias et al., Increased susceptibility to HIV-1 infection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from chronically immune-activated individuals, Aids, vol.12, pp.1731-1733, 1998.

K. Fowke, N. Nagelkerke, J. Kimani, J. Simonsen, A. Anzala et al., Resistance to HIV-1 infection among persistently seronegative prostitutes in Nairobi, Kenya, The Lancet, vol.348, issue.9038, pp.1347-1351, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(95)12269-2

T. Messele, R. De-wit, T. Brouwer, M. Aklilu, M. Birru et al., Susceptibility to HIV Type 1 between High-Risk HIV-Negative Ethiopian Commercial Sex Workers and Low-Risk Control Subjects, AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, vol.17, issue.5, pp.433-441, 2001.
DOI : 10.1089/088922201750102526

W. Jennes, S. Sawadogo, S. Koblavi-deme, B. Vuylsteke, C. Maurice et al., Cellular Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)???Protective Factors: A Comparison of HIV???Exposed Seronegative Female Sex Workers and Female Blood Donors in Abidjan, C??te d???Ivoire, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.187, issue.2, pp.206-214, 2003.
DOI : 10.1086/346049

H. Trivedi, F. Plummer, A. Anzala, E. Njagi, J. Bwayo et al., Resistance to HIV-1 infection among African sex workers is associated with global hyporesponsiveness in interleukin 4 production, Faseb J, vol.15, pp.1795-1797, 2001.

K. Macdonald, K. Fowke, J. Kimani, V. Dunand, N. Nagelkerke et al., Influence of HLA Supertypes on Susceptibility and Resistance to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.181, issue.5, pp.1581-1589, 2000.
DOI : 10.1086/315472

S. Iqbal, T. Ball, J. Kimani, P. Kiama, P. Thottingal et al., Elevated T Cell Counts and RANTES Expression in the Genital Mucosa of HIV???1???Resistant Kenyan Commercial Sex Workers, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.192, issue.5, pp.728-738, 2005.
DOI : 10.1086/432482

A. Kebba, P. Kaleebu, R. S. Ingram, R. Whitworth, J. Imami et al., Distinct Patterns of Peripheral HIV???1???Specific Interferon????? Responses in Exposed HIV???1???Seronegative Individuals, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.189, issue.9, pp.1705-1713, 2004.
DOI : 10.1086/383227

R. , S. Sutton, J. Ariyoshi, K. Dong, T. Gotch et al., HIV-specific cytotoxic T-cells in HIVexposed but uninfected Gambian women, Nature Med, vol.1, pp.59-64, 1995.

R. , S. Dong, T. Fowke, K. Kimani, J. Krausa et al., Cytotoxic T cell responses to multiple conserved HIV epitopes in HIV-resistant prostitutes in Nairobi, Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol.102, pp.1758-1765, 1998.

R. Kaul, F. Plummer, J. Kimani, T. Dong, P. Kiama et al., HIV-1-Specific Mucosal CD8+ Lymphocyte Responses in the Cervix of HIV-1-Resistant Prostitutes in Nairobi, The Journal of Immunology, vol.164, issue.3, pp.1602-1611, 2000.
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.164.3.1602

K. Fowke, R. Kaul, K. Rosenthal, J. Oyugi, J. Kimani et al., HIV-1-specific cellular immune responses among HIV-1-resistant sex workers, Immunology and Cell Biology, vol.164, issue.6, pp.586-595, 2000.
DOI : 10.1097/00002030-199901140-00004

W. Jennes, B. Vuylsteke, M. Borget, V. Traore-ettiegne, C. Maurice et al., HIV???Specific T Helper Responses and Frequency of Exposure among HIV???Exposed Seronegative Female Sex Workers in Abidjan, C??te d???Ivoire, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.189, issue.4, pp.602-610, 2004.
DOI : 10.1086/381454

R. Kaul, D. Trabattoni, J. Bwayo, D. Arienti, A. Zagliani et al., HIV-1-specific mucosal IgA in a cohort of HIV-1-resistant Kenyan sex workers, AIDS, vol.13, issue.1, pp.23-29, 1999.
DOI : 10.1097/00002030-199901140-00004

C. Devito, J. Hinkula, R. Kaul, J. Kimani, P. Kiama et al., Cross-Clade HIV-1???Specific Neutralizing IgA in Mucosal and Systemic Compartments of HIV-1???Exposed, Persistently Seronegative Subjects, JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, vol.30, issue.4, pp.413-420, 2002.
DOI : 10.1097/00042560-200208010-00007

R. Kaul, R. , S. Kimani, J. Dong, T. Yang et al., Late seroconversion in HIV-resistant Nairobi prostitutes despite pre-existing HIV-specific CD8+ responses, Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol.107, issue.3, pp.341-349, 2001.
DOI : 10.1172/JCI10714

R. Kaul, J. Rutherford, R. , S. Kimani, J. Onyango et al., HIV-1 Env-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses in exposed, uninfected Kenyan sex workers, AIDS, vol.18, issue.15, pp.2087-2089, 2004.
DOI : 10.1097/00002030-200410210-00015

L. Lopalco, C. Barassi, C. Paolucci, D. Breda, D. Brunelli et al., Predictive value of anti-cell and anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) humoral responses in HIV-1-exposed seronegative cohorts of European and Asian origin, Journal of General Virology, vol.86, issue.2, pp.339-348, 2005.
DOI : 10.1099/vir.0.80585-0
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00598974

M. Luscher, G. Choy, E. Njagi, J. Bwayo, A. Anzala et al., Naturally Occurring IgG Anti-HLA Alloantibody Does Not Correlate with HIV Type 1 Resistance in Nairobi Prostitutes, AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, vol.14, issue.2, pp.109-115, 1998.
DOI : 10.1089/aid.1998.14.109

K. Fowke, T. Dong, R. , S. Oyugi, J. Rutherford et al., HIV Type 1 Resistance in Kenyan Sex Workers Is Not Associated with Altered Cellular Susceptibility to HIV Type 1 Infection or Enhanced ??-Chemokine Production, AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, vol.14, issue.17, pp.1521-1530, 1998.
DOI : 10.1089/aid.1998.14.1521

W. Jennes, D. Evertse, M. Borget, B. Vuylsteke, C. Maurice et al., Suppressed cellular alloimmune responses in HIV-exposed seronegative female sex workers, Clinical and Experimental Immunology, vol.173, issue.3, pp.435-444, 2006.
DOI : 10.1089/088922200309458

M. Samson, F. Libert, B. Doranz, J. Rucker, C. Liesnard et al., Resistance to HIV-1 infection in Caucasian individuals bearing mutant alleles of the CCR-5 chemokine receptor gene, Nature, vol.382, issue.6593, pp.722-725, 1996.
DOI : 10.1038/382722a0

W. Paxton, S. Martin, D. Tse, T. O-'brien, J. Skurnick et al., Relative resistance to HIV???1 infection of CD4 lymphocytes from persons who remain uninfected despite multiple high???risk sexual exposures, Nature Medicine, vol.27, issue.4, pp.412-417, 1996.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJM199501263320401

T. Truong, T. Luong, D. Scott-algara, P. Versmisse, A. David et al., CD4+ cell and CD8+ cell-mediated resistance to HIV-1 infection in exposed uninfected intravascolar drug users in Vietnam, AIDS, vol.17, pp.1-10, 2003.

R. John, S. Arango-jaramillo, G. Finny, and D. Schwartz, Risk Associated HIV-1 Cross-Clade Resistance of Whole Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells From Exposed Uninfected Individuals With Wild-Type CCR5, JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, vol.35, issue.1, pp.1-8, 2004.
DOI : 10.1097/00126334-200401010-00001

H. Blaak, A. Van-'t-wout, M. Brouwer, M. Cornelissen, N. Kootstra et al., Infectious cellular load in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected individuals and susceptibility of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from their exposed partners to non-syncytium-inducing HIV-1 as major determinants for HIV-1 transmission in homosexual couples, Journal of Virology, vol.72, pp.218-224, 1998.

L. Wu, W. Paxton, N. Kassam, N. Ruffing, J. Rottman et al., CCR5 Levels and Expression Pattern Correlate with Infectability by Macrophage-tropic HIV-1, In Vitro, The Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol.70, issue.9, p.5
DOI : 10.1126/science.274.5294.1924

W. Paxton, R. Liu, S. Kang, L. Wu, T. Gingeras et al., Reduced HIV-1 Infectability of CD4+Lymphocytes from Exposed-Uninfected Individuals: Association with Low Expression of CCR5 and High Production of ??-Chemokines, Virology, vol.244, issue.1, pp.66-73, 1998.
DOI : 10.1006/viro.1998.9082

E. Platt, K. Wehrly, S. Kuhmann, B. Chesebro, and D. Kabat, Effects of CCR5 and CD4 cell surface concentrations on infections by macrophagetropic isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1, J Virol, vol.72, pp.2855-2864, 1998.

H. Blaak, L. Ran, R. Rientsma, and H. Schuitemaker, Susceptibility of in Vitro Stimulated PBMC to Infection with NSI HIV-1 Is Associated with Levels of CCR5 Expression and ??-Chemokine Production, Virology, vol.267, issue.2, pp.237-246, 2000.
DOI : 10.1006/viro.1999.0111

Y. Lin, C. Mettling, P. Portales, J. Reynes, J. Clot et al., Nonlinear partial differential equations and applications: Cell surface CCR5 density determines the postentry efficiency of R5 HIV-1 infection, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.74, issue.18, pp.15590-15595, 2002.
DOI : 10.1128/JVI.74.18.8767-8770.2000

E. Begaud, G. Feindirongai, P. Versmisse, J. Ipero, J. Leal et al., Broad Spectrum of Coreceptor Usage and Rapid Disease Progression in HIV-1???Infected Individuals from Central African Republic, AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, vol.19, issue.7, pp.551-560, 2003.
DOI : 10.1089/088922203322230914

F. Koning, S. Otto, M. Hazenberg, L. Dekker, M. Prins et al., Low-Level CD4+ T Cell Activation Is Associated with Low Susceptibility to HIV-1 Infection, The Journal of Immunology, vol.175, issue.9, pp.6117-6122, 2005.
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.175.9.6117

S. Shalekoff and C. Tiemessen, Duration of Sample Storage Dramatically Alters Expression of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Coreceptors CXCR4 and CCR5, Clinical and Vaccine Immunology, vol.8, issue.2, pp.432-436, 2001.
DOI : 10.1128/CDLI.8.2.432-436.2001

R. Liu, W. Paxton, S. Choe, D. Ceradini, S. Martin et al., Homozygous Defect in HIV-1 Coreceptor Accounts for Resistance of Some Multiply-Exposed Individuals to HIV-1 Infection, Cell, vol.86, issue.3, pp.367-377, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80110-5

D. Scott-algara, L. Truong, P. Versmisse, A. David, T. Luong et al., Cutting Edge: Increased NK Cell Activity in HIV-1-Exposed but Uninfected Vietnamese Intravascular Drug Users, The Journal of Immunology, vol.171, issue.11
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.171.11.5663

P. Kulkarni, S. Butera, and A. Duerr, Resistance to HIV-1 infection: lessons learned from studies of highly exposed persistently seronegative (HEPS) individuals, AIDS Rev, vol.5, pp.87-103, 2003.

M. Muller-trutwin, M. Chaix, F. Letourneur, E. Begaud, D. Beaumont et al., Increase of HIV-1 subtype A in Central African Republic, J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, vol.21, pp.164-171, 1999.

C. Capoulade-metay, L. Ma, L. Truong, Y. Dudoit, P. Versmisse et al., New CCR5 variants associated with reduced HIV coreceptor function in southeast Asia, AIDS, vol.18, issue.17, pp.2243-2252, 2004.
DOI : 10.1097/00002030-200411190-00004