J. Moore and M. Stevenson, New targets for inhibitors of HIV-1 replication, Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, vol.1, issue.1, pp.40-49, 2000.
DOI : 10.1038/35036060

A. Fauci, HIV and AIDS: 20 years of science, Nature Medicine, vol.9, issue.7, pp.839-843, 2003.
DOI : 10.1038/nm0703-839

T. Chun, R. Davey, D. Engel, H. Lane, and A. Fauci, Re-emergence of HIV after stopping therapy, Nature, vol.401, issue.6756, pp.874-875, 1999.
DOI : 10.1038/44755

D. Finzi, J. Blankson, J. Siliciano, J. Margolick, K. Chadwick et al., Latent infection of CD4(+) T cells provides a mechanism for lifelong persistence of HIV-1, even in patients on effective combination therapy, Nature Medicine, vol.5, issue.5, pp.512-517, 1999.

R. Pomerantz, Eliminating HIV-1 reservoirs, Curr Opin Investig Drugs, vol.3, issue.8, pp.1133-1137, 2002.

D. Hamer, Can HIV be Cured? Mechanisms of HIV Persistence and Strategies to Combat It, Current HIV Research, vol.2, issue.2, pp.99-111, 2004.
DOI : 10.2174/1570162043484915

T. Chun and A. Fauci, Latent reservoirs of HIV: obstacles to the eradication of virus. P r o c N a t l A c a d S c i U S A, pp.10958-10961, 1999.

T. Pierson and R. Doms, HIV-1 Entry and Its Inhibition, Curr Top Microbiol Immunol, vol.281, pp.1-27, 2003.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-19012-4_1

R. Wyatt and J. Sodroski, The HIV-1 Envelope Glycoproteins: Fusogens, Antigens, and Immunogens, Science, vol.280, issue.5371, pp.1884-1888, 1998.
DOI : 10.1126/science.280.5371.1884

R. Altmeyer, Virus Attachment and Entry Offer Numerous Targets for Antiviral Therapy, Current Pharmaceutical Design, vol.10, issue.30, pp.3701-3712, 2004.
DOI : 10.2174/1381612043382729

P. Clapham and A. Mcknight, Cell surface receptors, virus entry and tropism of primate lentiviruses, Journal of General Virology, vol.83, issue.8, pp.1809-1829, 2002.
DOI : 10.1099/0022-1317-83-8-1809

W. Gallaher, Detection of a fusion peptide sequence in the transmembrane protein of human immunodeficiency virus, Cell, vol.50, issue.3, pp.327-328, 1987.
DOI : 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90485-5

E. Delwart, G. Mosialos, and T. Gilmore, Retroviral Envelope Glycoproteins Contain a "Leucine Zipper"-like Repeat, AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, vol.6, issue.6, pp.703-706, 1990.
DOI : 10.1089/aid.1990.6.703

P. Chambers, C. Pringle, and A. Easton, Heptad Repeat Sequences are Located Adjacent to Hydrophobic Regions in Several Types of Virus Fusion Glycoproteins, Journal of General Virology, vol.71, issue.12
DOI : 10.1099/0022-1317-71-12-3075

D. Chan, D. Fass, J. Berger, and P. Kim, Core Structure of gp41 from the HIV Envelope Glycoprotein, Cell, vol.89, issue.2, pp.263-273, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80205-6

M. Lu, S. Blacklow, and P. Kim, A trimeric structural domain of the HIV-1 transmembrane glycoprotein, Nature Structural Biology, vol.247, issue.12, pp.1075-1082, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0076-6879(87)54085-X

K. Tan, J. Liu, J. Wang, S. Shen, and M. Lu, Atomic structure of a thermostable subdomain of HIV-1 gp41, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.289, issue.5796, pp.9412303-12308, 1997.
DOI : 10.1038/289366a0

W. Weissenhorn, A. Dessen, S. Harrison, J. Skehel, and D. Wiley, Atomic structure of the ectodomain from HIV-1 gp41, Nature, vol.387, issue.6631, pp.426-430, 1997.
DOI : 10.1038/387426a0

D. Eckert and P. Kim, Mechanisms of Viral Membrane Fusion and Its Inhibition, Annual Review of Biochemistry, vol.70, issue.1, pp.777-810, 2001.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.biochem.70.1.777

S. Gallo, C. Finnegan, M. Viard, Y. Raviv, A. Dimitrov et al., The HIV Env-mediated fusion reaction, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes, vol.1614, issue.1, pp.161436-50, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0005-2736(03)00161-5

D. Chan and P. Kim, HIV Entry and Its Inhibition, Cell, vol.93, issue.5, pp.681-684, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81430-0

Y. He, R. Vassell, M. Zaitseva, N. Nguyen, Z. Yang et al., Peptides Trap the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Glycoprotein Fusion Intermediate at Two Sites, Journal of Virology, vol.77, issue.3, pp.1666-1671, 2003.
DOI : 10.1128/JVI.77.3.1666-1671.2003

L. Rimsky, D. Shugars, and T. Matthews, Determinants of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 resistance to gp41-derived inhibitory peptides, J Virol, vol.72, issue.2, pp.986-993, 1998.

D. Eckert and P. Kim, Design of potent inhibitors of HIV-1 entry from the gp41 N-peptide region, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.283, issue.5400, pp.9811187-11192, 2001.
DOI : 10.1126/science.283.5400.357

M. Root, M. Kay, and P. Kim, Protein Design of an HIV-1 Entry Inhibitor, Science, vol.291, issue.5505, pp.884-888, 2001.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1057453

J. Kilby, S. Hopkins, T. Venetta, B. Dimassimo, G. Cloud et al., Potent suppression of HIV-1 replication in humans by T-20, a peptide inhibitor of gp41-mediated virus entry, Nature Medicine, vol.14, issue.11, pp.1302-1307, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81430-0

C. Wild, D. Shugars, T. Greenwell, C. Mcdanal, and T. Matthews, Peptides corresponding to a predictive alpha-helical domain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp41 are potent inhibitors of virus infection., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.91, issue.21, pp.919770-9774, 1994.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.91.21.9770

T. Matthews, M. Salgo, M. Greenberg, J. Chung, R. Demasi et al., Case history: Enfuvirtide: the first therapy to inhibit the entry of HIV-1 into host CD4 lymphocytes, Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, vol.3, issue.3, pp.215-225, 2004.
DOI : 10.1038/nrd1331

Y. Kliger and Y. Shai, Inhibition of HIV-1 entry before gp41 folds into its fusion-active conformation, Journal of Molecular Biology, vol.295, issue.2, pp.163-168, 2000.
DOI : 10.1006/jmbi.1999.3368

X. Wei, J. Decker, H. Liu, Z. Zhang, R. Arani et al., Emergence of Resistant Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in Patients Receiving Fusion Inhibitor (T-20) Monotherapy, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.46, issue.6, pp.461896-1905, 2002.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.46.6.1896-1905.2002

C. Derdeyn, J. Decker, J. Sfakianos, X. Wu, O. Brien et al., Sensitivity of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 to the Fusion Inhibitor T-20 Is Modulated by Coreceptor Specificity Defined by the V3 Loop of gp120, Journal of Virology, vol.74, issue.18, pp.748358-8367, 2000.
DOI : 10.1128/JVI.74.18.8358-8367.2000

C. Derdeyn, J. Decker, J. Sfakianos, Z. Zhang, O. Brien et al., Sensitivity of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 to Fusion Inhibitors Targeted to the gp41 First Heptad Repeat Involves Distinct Regions of gp41 and Is Consistently Modulated by gp120 Interactions with the Coreceptor, Journal of Virology, vol.75, issue.18, pp.758605-8614, 2001.
DOI : 10.1128/JVI.75.18.8605-8614.2001

W. Yuan, S. Craig, Z. Si, M. Farzan, and J. Sodroski, CD4-Induced T-20 Binding to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp120 Blocks Interaction with the CXCR4 Coreceptor, Journal of Virology, vol.78, issue.10, pp.785448-5457, 2004.
DOI : 10.1128/JVI.78.10.5448-5457.2004

J. Moore, J. Mckeating, R. Weiss, and Q. Sattentau, Dissociation of gp120 from HIV-1 virions induced by soluble CD4, Science, vol.250, issue.4984, pp.1139-1142, 1990.
DOI : 10.1126/science.2251501

T. Hart, R. Kirsh, H. Ellens, R. Sweet, D. Lambert et al., Binding of soluble CD4 proteins to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and infected cells induces release of envelope glycoprotein gp120., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.88, issue.6, pp.2189-2193, 1991.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.88.6.2189

Q. Sattentau and J. Moore, Conformational changes induced in the human immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein by soluble CD4 binding, Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol.174, issue.2, pp.407-415, 1991.
DOI : 10.1084/jem.174.2.407

S. Bar and M. Alizon, Role of the Ectodomain of the gp41 Transmembrane Envelope Protein of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in Late Steps of the Membrane Fusion Process, Journal of Virology, vol.78, issue.2, pp.811-820, 2004.
DOI : 10.1128/JVI.78.2.811-820.2004

R. Furuta, C. Wild, Y. Weng, and C. Weiss, Capture of an early fusion-active conformation of HIV-1 gp41, Nature Structural Biology, vol.26, issue.4, pp.276-279, 1998.
DOI : 10.1083/jcb.140.2.315

M. Lu, J. H. Shen, and S. , Subdomain folding and biological activity of the core structure from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp41: implications for viral membrane fusion, J Virol, vol.73, issue.5, pp.4433-4438, 1999.

H. Ji, W. Shu, F. Burling, S. Jiang, and M. Lu, Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infectivity by the gp41 core: role of a conserved hydrophobic cavity in membrane fusion, J Virol, issue.10, pp.738578-8586, 1999.

A. Ghorpade, M. Xia, B. Hyman, Y. Persidsky, A. Nukuna et al., Role of the betachemokine receptors CCR3 and CCR5 in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection of monocytes and microglia, J Virol, vol.72, issue.4, pp.3351-3361, 1998.

S. Nisole, B. Krust, C. Callebaut, G. Guichard, S. Muller et al., The Anti-HIV Pseudopeptide HB-19 Forms a Complex with the Cell-surface-expressed Nucleolin Independent of Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.274, issue.39, pp.27427875-27884, 1999.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.274.39.27875

S. Liu, H. Lu, J. Niu, Y. Xu, S. Wu et al., Different from the HIV Fusion Inhibitor C34, the Anti-HIV Drug Fuzeon (T-20) Inhibits HIV-1 Entry by Targeting Multiple Sites in gp41 and gp120, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.280, issue.12, pp.28011259-11273, 2005.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M411141200

Y. Kliger, S. Gallo, S. Peisajovich, I. Munoz-barroso, S. Avkin et al., Mode of Action of an Antiviral Peptide from HIV-1: INHIBITION AT A POST-LIPID MIXING STAGE, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.276, issue.2, pp.1391-1397, 2001.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M004113200

I. Munoz-barroso, S. Durell, K. Sakaguchi, E. Appella, and R. Blumenthal, Dilation of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus???1 Envelope Glycoprotein Fusion Pore Revealed by the Inhibitory Action of a Synthetic Peptide from gp41, The Journal of Cell Biology, vol.15, issue.2, pp.315-323, 1998.
DOI : 10.1083/jcb.127.6.1885

R. Markosyan, F. Cohen, and G. Melikyan, HIV-1 Envelope Proteins Complete Their Folding into Six-helix Bundles Immediately after Fusion Pore Formation, Molecular Biology of the Cell, vol.14, issue.3, pp.926-938, 2003.
DOI : 10.1091/mbc.E02-09-0573

J. Louis, C. Bewley, and G. Clore, Design and properties of N(CCG)-gp41, a chimeric gp41 molecule with nanomolar HIV fusion inhibitory activity

R. Connor, K. Sheridan, D. Ceradini, S. Choe, and N. Landau, Change in Coreceptor Use Correlates with Disease Progression in HIV-1???Infected Individuals, The Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol.70, issue.4, pp.1114621-628
DOI : 10.1038/373117a0

J. Dumonceaux, S. Nisole, C. Chanel, L. Quivet, A. A. Baleux et al., Spontaneous mutations in the env gene of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 NDK isolate are associated with a CD4-independent entry phenotype, J Virol, vol.72, issue.1, pp.512-519, 1998.