P. J. Sansonetti, S. Rakoff-nahoum, J. Paglino, F. Eslami-varzaneh, S. Edberg et al., Recognition of commensal microflora by toll-like receptors is required for intestinal homeostasis The role of epithelial Toll-like receptor expression in host defense and microbial tolerance Activated macrophages are an adaptive element of the colonic epithelial progenitor niche necessary for regenerative responses to injury, Nat. Rev. Immunol. Cell J. Endotoxin Res. Proc Natl Acad Sci, vol.45, issue.102, pp.953-64, 2004.

D. Jiang, J. Liang, J. Fan, S. Yu, S. Chen et al., Regulation of lung injury and repair by Toll-like receptors and hyaluronan The danger model: a renewed sense of self Going against the grain: chemotaxis and infection in Vibrio cholerae Bacterial flagellins: mediators of pathogenicity and host immune responses in mucosa Variation in bacterial flagellins: from sequence to structure Innate immune recognition, Nat. Med. Science Nat. Rev. Microbiol. Trends Microbiol. Trends Microbiol. Annu Rev Immunol, vol.1110, issue.2011, pp.1173-1182, 2002.

A. Aderem, The evolution of vertebrate Toll-like receptors, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol.10212, pp.9577-82, 2005.

F. Hayashi, K. D. Smith, A. Ozinsky, T. R. Hawn, E. C. Yi et al., The innate immune response to bacterial flagellin is mediated by Toll-like receptor 5 Bacterial flagellin activates basolaterally expressed TLR5 to induce epithelial proinflammatory gene expression Human Toll-like receptor 4 recognizes host-specific LPS modifications Toll-like receptor 5 recognizes a conserved site on flagellin protofilament formation and bacterial motility, Nature J. Immunol. Nat. Immunol. Nat. Immunol, vol.41091516, issue.4, pp.1099-103, 2001.

S. G. Jacchieri, R. Torquato, and R. R. Brentani, Structural Study of Binding of Flagellin by Toll-Like Receptor 5, Journal of Bacteriology, vol.185, issue.14, pp.4243-4250, 2003.
DOI : 10.1128/JB.185.14.4243-4247.2003

A. Aderem, Evasion of Toll-like receptor 5 by flagellated bacteria, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol.102, pp.9247-52, 2005.

J. Choe, M. S. Kelker, and I. A. Wilson, Crystal Structure of Human Toll-Like Receptor 3 (TLR3) Ectodomain, Science, vol.309, issue.5734, pp.581-586, 2003.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1115253

S. B. Mizel, A. P. West, and R. R. Hantgan, Identification of a Sequence in Human Toll-like Receptor 5 Required for the Binding of Gram-negative Flagellin, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.278, issue.26, pp.528-561, 2003.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M303481200

T. R. Hawn, A. Verbon, K. D. Lettinga, L. P. Zhao, S. S. Li et al., A Common Dominant TLR5 Stop Codon Polymorphism Abolishes Flagellin Signaling and Is Associated with Susceptibility to Legionnaires' Disease Flagellin-Deficient Legionella Mutants Evade Caspase-1-and Naip5-Mediated Macrophage Immunity Flagellin Promotes Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88-Dependent Development of Th2-Type Response Flagellin of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli stimulates interleukin-8 production in T84 cells Role of EHEC O157:H7 virulence factors in the activation of intestinal epithelial cell NF-kappaB and MAP kinase pathways and the upregulated expression of interleukin 8 Flagellin is the major proinflammatory determinant of enteropathogenic Salmonella, J. Exp. Med. J. Immunol. Infect Immun Cell Microbiol J. Immunol, vol.19827, issue.171, pp.1563-72, 2002.

S. H. Rhee, A. C. Keates, M. P. Moyer, C. Pothoulakis, E. A. Hughes et al., MEK is a key modulator for TLR5-induced interleukin-8 and MIP3alpha gene expression in non-transformed human colonic epithelial cells Immune response to Salmonella: location, location, location? Immunity Epithelial toll-like receptor 5 is constitutively localized in the mouse cecum and exhibits distinctive downregulation during experimental colitis, J. Biol. Chem. Clin Vaccine Immunol, vol.27929, issue.13, pp.25179-88, 2002.

N. Bensussan, V. Gaboriau-routhiau, S. H. Rhee, E. Im, M. Riegler et al., of the TLR5 signaling pathway in intestinal epithelial cells by a commensal Escherichia coli strain Pathophysiological role of Toll-like receptor 5 engagement by bacterial flagellin in colonic inflammation Plants and animals: a different taste for microbes? Hostbacterial mutualism in the human intestine, 34] Niedergang, F. and Kweon, M. N. (2005) New trends in antigen uptake in the gut mucosa, pp.42984-92, 2004.

F. Ciacci-woolwine, I. C. Blomfield, S. H. Richardson, S. B. Mizel, T. K. Means et al., Salmonella flagellin induces tumor necrosis factor alpha in a human promonocytic cell line The Toll-like receptor 5 stimulus bacterial flagellin induces maturation and chemokine production in human dendritic cells, Infect Immun J. Immunol, vol.6637, issue.170, pp.1127-1161, 1998.

A. T. Gewirtz, P. O. Simon, C. K. Schmitt, L. J. Taylor, C. H. Hagedorn et al., Salmonella typhimurium translocates flagellin across intestinal epithelia, inducing a proinflammatory response, Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol.107, issue.1, pp.99-109, 2001.
DOI : 10.1172/JCI10501

URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC198545

P. Anderle, M. Rumbo, F. Sierro, R. Mansourian, P. Michetti et al., Novel Markers of the Human Follicle???Associated Epithelium Identified by Genomic Profiling and Microdissection, Gastroenterology, vol.129, issue.1, pp.321-328, 2005.
DOI : 10.1053/j.gastro.2005.03.044

R. G. Jenner, R. A. Young, F. Niedergang, A. Didierlaurent, J. Kraehenbuhl et al., Insights into host responses against pathogens from transcriptional profiling, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, pp.281-94, 2001.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.242741699

A. Iwasaki, B. L. Kelsall, D. N. Cook, D. M. Prosser, R. Forster et al., Localization of distinct Peyer's patch dendritic cell subsets and their recruitment by chemokines macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-3alpha, MIP-3beta, and secondary lymphoid organ chemokine CCR6 mediates dendritic cell localization, lymphocyte homeostasis, and immune responses in mucosal tissue Polarized distribution of inducible nitric oxide synthase regulates activity in intestinal epithelial cells Developmentally regulated IkappaB expression in intestinal epithelium and susceptibility to flagellininduced inflammation, J. Exp. Med. Immunity FEBS J Proc Natl Acad Sci, vol.19147, issue.101, pp.1381-94, 2000.

D. Fretin, A. Fauconnier, S. Kohler, S. Halling, S. Leonard et al., The sheathed flagellum of Brucella melitensis is involved in persistence in a murine model of infection, Cellular Microbiology, vol.96, issue.Suppl. 2, pp.687-98, 2005.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2005.00502.x

A. Andrade, J. A. Giron, J. M. Amhaz, L. R. Trabulsi, M. B. Martinez et al., Expression and Characterization of Flagella in Nonmotile Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli Isolated from Diarrhea Cases, Infection and Immunity, vol.70, issue.10, pp.5882-5888, 2002.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.70.10.5882-5886.2002

S. K. Lee, A. Stack, E. Katzowitsch, S. I. Aizawa, S. Suerbaum et al., Helicobacter pylori flagellins have very low intrinsic activity to stimulate human gastric epithelial cells via TLR5. Microbes Infect Regulation of lipid A modifications by Salmonella typhimurium virulence genes phoP-phoQ Prokaryotic regulation of epithelial responses by inhibition of I kappa B-alpha ubiquitination Salmonella AvrA effector inhibits the key proinflammatory, anti-apoptotic NF-kappa B pathway, Helicobacter pylori flagellin evades toll-like receptor 5-mediated innate immunity, pp.1914-1934, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/j.micinf.2003.09.018

D. Kelly, J. I. Campbell, T. P. King, G. Grant, E. A. Jansson et al., Commensal anaerobic gut bacteria attenuate inflammation by regulating nuclearcytoplasmic shuttling of PPAR-gamma and RelA, Nat. Immunol, vol.555, pp.104-116, 2004.

U. A. Hasan, G. Trinchieri, J. Vlach, L. S. Collier-hyams, A. S. Neish et al., Toll-like receptor signaling stimulates cell cycle entry and progression in fibroblasts Innate immune relationship between commensal flora and the mammalian intestinal epithelium Mechanism of pathogen-specific TLR4 activation in the mucosa: Fimbriae, recognition receptors and adaptor protein selection Dectin-1: a signalling non-TLR pattern-recognition receptor, J. Biol. Chem. Cell Mol Life Sci Eur J Immunol Nat. Rev. Immunol, vol.2805659, issue.6, pp.20620-20627, 2005.

M. T. Abreu, P. Vora, E. Faure, L. S. Thomas, E. T. Arnold et al., Decreased expression of Toll-like receptor-4 and MD-2 correlates with intestinal epithelial cell protection against dysregulated proinflammatory gene expression in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide Strategic compartmentalization of Toll-like receptor 4 in the mouse gut Human intestinal epithelial cells are broadly unresponsive to toll-like receptor 2-dependent bacterial ligands: implications for host-microbial interactions in the gut, J. Immunol. J. Immunol. J. Immunol, vol.1676062, issue.170, pp.1609-1625, 2001.

K. I. Ogushi, A. Wada, T. Niidome, T. Okuda, R. Llanes et al., Gangliosides act as co-receptors for Salmonella enteritidis FliC and promote FliC-induction of human beta-defensin-2 expression in Caco-2 cells Gangliosides inhibit flagellin signaling in the absence of an effect on flagellin binding to toll-like receptor 5 Innate Immune Responses of Human Tracheal Epithelium to P. aeruginosa Flagellin, TNF{alpha} and IL1{beta} Human airway epithelial cells sense Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection via recognition of flagellin by Toll-like receptor 5 Flagellin from Gramnegative bacteria is a potent mediator of acute pulmonary inflammation in sepsis Regulation of matrilysin expression in airway epithelial cells by Pseudomonas aeruginosa flagellin Toll-like receptors in normal and cystic fibrosis airway epithelial cells Pseudomonas aeruginosa flagellin and alginate elicit very distinct gene expression patterns in airway epithelial cells: implications for cystic fibrosis disease Mucosal administration of flagellin induces innate immunity in the mouse lung Flagellin is an effective adjuvant for immunization against lethal respiratory challenge with Yersinia pestis, J. Biol. Chem. J. Biol. Chem. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol Infect Immun Shock J. Biol. Chem. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol J. Immunol. Infect Immun Infect Immun Infect Immun Infect Immun, vol.2796770974, issue.73, pp.12213-12222, 2001.

Q. Sha, A. Q. Truong-tran, J. R. Plitt, L. A. Beck, R. P. Schleimer et al., Activation of airway epithelial cells by toll-like receptor agonists Primary human alveolar type II epithelial cell CCL20 (macrophage inflammatory protein-3alpha)-induced dendritic cell migration Cloning and characterization of the murine toll-like receptor 5 (Tlr5) gene: sequence and mRNA expression studies in Salmonella-susceptible MOLF/Ei mice Host susceptibility and clinical outcomes in tolllike receptor 5-deficient patients with typhoid fever in Vietnam Signalling pathways and molecular interactions of NOD1 and NOD2 Bacterial flagellin is a dominant antigen in Crohn disease, Eur J Immunol Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol Genomics J. Infect. Dis. Nat. Rev. Immunol. J. Clin. Invest, vol.34, issue.113, pp.2986-95, 2000.

S. R. Targan, C. J. Landers, H. Yang, M. J. Lodes, Y. Cong et al., Antibodies to CBir1 flagellin define a unique response that is associated independently with complicated Crohn's disease Elevated flagellin-specific immunoglobulins in Crohn's disease, Gastroenterol. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, vol.12884, issue.288, pp.2020-2028, 2005.

E. Cario, D. K. Podolsky, J. Beckwith, Y. Cong, J. P. Sundberg et al., Differential alteration in intestinal epithelial cell expression of Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and TLR4 in inflammatory bowel disease Cdcs1, a major colitogenic locus in mice, regulates innate and adaptive immune response to enteric bacterial antigens A stop codon polymorphism of Toll-like receptor 5 is associated with resistance to systemic lupus erythematosus, Infect. Immun. Gastroenterol. Proc Natl Acad Sci, vol.68, issue.102, pp.7010-7017, 2000.