The article by Santos, Coimbra, and Radin makes for a fascinating read for many different reasons. Their thorough examination of the long-lasting disagreement between two prominent American biomedical scientists, Francis L. Black and James V. Neel, about the political implications of researching the biology and health of Amazonian Indians, could not be more topical. Neel’s warning, first issued as early as 1976, that Black’s promotion of “miscegenation” as a means for Brazilian Indigenous populations to alleviate their (allegedly) genetic vulnerability to pathogens “could play directly into the hands” of the military dictatorship that ruled the country at the time has gained extra, worrying relevance now that the “amalgamation” of Indian populations has been put back on the political agenda by those who would not accept any hindrance to the exploitation of the Amazonian El Dorado. First among them, the recently elected president of Brazil, Jair Bolsonaro, could not let his inauguration day pass without starting to unravel the legal protections extended to Indigenous populations by the constitution adopted in 1988—a landmark in the return of the country to democracy.