A. Thille, I. Cortés-puch, and E. A. , Weaning from the ventilator and extubation in ICU, Current Opinion in Critical Care, vol.19, issue.1, pp.57-64, 2013.
DOI : 10.1097/MCC.0b013e32835c5095

G. Béduneau, T. Pham, and F. Schortgen, Epidemiology of Weaning Outcome according to a New Definition. The WIND Study, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.40, issue.6, pp.772-83, 2017.
DOI : 10.1093/med/9780199653461.003.0014

S. Epstein, R. Ciubotaru, and J. Wong, Effect of Failed Extubation on the Outcome of Mechanical Ventilation, Chest, vol.112, issue.1, pp.186-92, 1997.
DOI : 10.1378/chest.112.1.186

A. Thille, A. Harrois, and F. Schortgen, Outcomes of extubation failure in medical intensive care unit patients*, Critical Care Medicine, vol.39, issue.12, pp.2612-2620, 2011.
DOI : 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3182282a5a

B. Jung, P. Moury, and M. Mahul, Diaphragmatic dysfunction in patients with ICU-acquired weakness and its impact on extubation failure, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.155, issue.5, pp.853-61, 2016.
DOI : 10.1164/ajrccm.155.5.9154859

M. Dres, B. Dubé, and J. Mayaux, Coexistence and Impact of Limb Muscle and Diaphragm Weakness at Time of Liberation from Mechanical Ventilation in Medical Intensive Care Unit Patients, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.86, issue.1, pp.57-66, 2017.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMra1007236
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01458947

B. Dubé, M. Dres, J. Mayaux, S. Demiri, T. Similowski et al., Ultrasound evaluation of diaphragm function in mechanically ventilated patients: comparison to phrenic stimulation and prognostic implications, Thorax, vol.195, issue.59, pp.811-819, 2017.
DOI : 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2016-209459

W. Kim, H. Suh, and S. Hong, Diaphragm dysfunction assessed by ultrasonography: Influence on weaning from mechanical ventilation*, Critical Care Medicine, vol.39, issue.12, pp.2627-2657, 2011.
DOI : 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3182266408

D. Berger, S. Bloechlinger, V. Haehling, and S. , Dysfunction of respiratory muscles in critically ill patients on the intensive care unit, Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle, vol.38, issue.4, pp.403-415, 2016.
DOI : 10.1007/s00134-012-2547-7

T. Vassilakopoulos and B. Petrof, Ventilator-induced Diaphragmatic Dysfunction, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.169, issue.3, pp.336-377, 2004.
DOI : 10.1152/japplphysiol.00511.2002

S. Levine, T. Nguyen, and N. Taylor, Rapid Disuse Atrophy of Diaphragm Fibers in Mechanically Ventilated Humans, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.358, issue.13, pp.1327-1362, 2008.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa070447

W. Welvaart, M. Paul, and G. Stienen, Selective Diaphragm Muscle Weakness After Contractile Inactivity During Thoracic Surgery, Annals of Surgery, vol.254, issue.6, pp.1044-1053, 2011.
DOI : 10.1097/SLA.0b013e318232e75b

J. Moxham and J. Goldstone, Assessment of respiratory muscle strength in the intensive care unit, Eur Respir J, vol.7, pp.2057-61, 1994.

A. Watson, P. Hughes, and L. Harris, Measurement of twitch transdiaphragmatic, esophageal, and endotracheal tube pressure with bilateral anterolateral magnetic phrenic nerve stimulation in patients in the intensive care unit, Critical Care Medicine, vol.29, issue.7, pp.1325-1356, 2001.
DOI : 10.1097/00003246-200107000-00005

E. Vivier, M. Dessap, A. Dimassi, and S. , Diaphragm ultrasonography to estimate the work of breathing during non-invasive ventilation, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.29, issue.5, pp.796-803, 2012.
DOI : 10.1007/s11604-010-0552-8

N. Lerolle, E. Guérot, and S. Dimassi, Ultrasonographic Diagnostic Criterion for Severe Diaphragmatic Dysfunction After Cardiac Surgery, Chest, vol.135, issue.2, pp.401-408, 2009.
DOI : 10.1378/chest.08-1531

M. Dres, M. Schmidt, and A. Ferre, Diaphragm electromyographic activity as a predictor of weaning failure, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.73, issue.12, pp.2017-2042, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/0002-9343(82)90711-2

H. Rozé, B. Repusseau, and V. Perrier, Neuro-ventilatory efficiency during weaning from mechanical ventilation using neurally adjusted ventilatory assist, British Journal of Anaesthesia, vol.111, issue.6, pp.955-60, 2013.
DOI : 10.1093/bja/aet258

B. Jung, S. Nougaret, and M. Conseil, Sepsis Is Associated with a Preferential Diaphragmatic Atrophy, Anesthesiology, vol.120, issue.5, pp.1182-91, 2014.
DOI : 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000201

A. Demoule, B. Jung, and H. Prodanovic, Diaphragm Dysfunction on Admission to the Intensive Care Unit. Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Prognostic Impact???A Prospective Study, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.33, issue.2, pp.213-222, 2013.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJM199109263251304

M. Aubier, T. Trippenbach, and C. Roussos, Respiratory muscle fatigue during cardiogenic shock, Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.51, issue.2, pp.499-508, 1981.
DOI : 10.1152/jappl.1981.51.2.499

S. Jaber, B. Petrof, and B. Jung, Rapidly Progressive Diaphragmatic Weakness and Injury during Mechanical Ventilation in Humans, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.183, issue.3, pp.364-71, 2011.
DOI : 10.1096/fj.08-114249

G. Hermans, A. Agten, and D. Testelmans, Increased duration of mechanical ventilation is associated with decreased diaphragmatic force: a prospective observational study, Critical Care, vol.14, issue.4, p.127, 2010.
DOI : 10.1186/cc9094

H. Grosu, Y. Lee, and J. Lee, Diaphragm Muscle Thinning in Patients Who Are Mechanically Ventilated, Chest, vol.142, issue.6, pp.1455-60, 2012.
DOI : 10.1378/chest.11-1638

E. Goligher, E. Fan, and M. Herridge, Evolution of Diaphragm Thickness during Mechanical Ventilation. Impact of Inspiratory Effort, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.191, issue.9, pp.1080-1088, 2015.
DOI : 10.1186/cc9094

M. Zambon, P. Beccaria, and J. Matsuno, Mechanical Ventilation and Diaphragmatic Atrophy in Critically Ill Patients, Critical Care Medicine, vol.44, issue.7, pp.1347-52, 2016.
DOI : 10.1097/CCM.0000000000001657

E. Goligher, M. Dres, and E. Fan, Mechanical Ventilation???induced Diaphragm Atrophy Strongly Impacts Clinical Outcomes, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.195, issue.2, pp.201703-0536, 2017.
DOI : 10.1164/rccm.201401-0158OC

J. Garnacho-montero, R. Amaya-villar, and J. García-garmendía, Effect of critical illness polyneuropathy on the withdrawal from mechanical ventilation and the length of stay in septic patients*, Critical Care Medicine, vol.33, issue.2, pp.349-54, 2005.
DOI : 10.1097/01.CCM.0000153521.41848.7E

B. De-jonghe, S. Bastuji-garin, and M. Durand, Respiratory weakness is associated with limb weakness and delayed weaning in critical illness*, Critical Care Medicine, vol.35, issue.9, pp.2007-2022, 2007.
DOI : 10.1097/01.ccm.0000281450.01881.d8

S. Mrozek, B. Jung, and B. Petrof, Rapid Onset of Specific Diaphragm Weakness in a Healthy Murine Model of Ventilator-induced Diaphragmatic Dysfunction, Anesthesiology, vol.117, issue.3, pp.560-567, 2012.
DOI : 10.1097/ALN.0b013e318261e7f8

S. Blumhof, D. Wheeler, and K. Thomas, Change in Diaphragmatic Thickness During the Respiratory Cycle Predicts Extubation Success at Various Levels of Pressure Support Ventilation, Lung, vol.38, issue.5, pp.519-544, 2016.
DOI : 10.1007/s00134-012-2547-7

G. Ferrari, D. Filippi, G. Elia, F. Panero, F. Volpicelli et al., Diaphragm ultrasound as a new index of discontinuation from mechanical ventilation, Critical Ultrasound Journal, vol.6, issue.1, p.8, 2014.
DOI : 10.1378/chest.07-2200

E. Dinino, E. Gartman, J. Sethi, and F. Mccool, Diaphragm ultrasound as a predictor of successful extubation from mechanical ventilation, Thorax, vol.65, issue.5, pp.423-430, 2014.
DOI : 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-204111

S. Farghaly and A. Hasan, Diaphragm ultrasound as a new method to predict extubation outcome in mechanically ventilated patients, Australian Critical Care, vol.30, issue.1, pp.37-43, 2017.
DOI : 10.1016/j.aucc.2016.03.004

C. Sassoon, E. Zhu, and V. Caiozzo, Assist???Control Mechanical Ventilation Attenuates Ventilator-induced Diaphragmatic Dysfunction, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.170, issue.6, pp.626-658, 2004.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJM199612193352507

G. Gayan-ramirez, D. Testelmans, and K. Maes, Intermittent spontaneous breathing protects the rat diaphragm from mechanical ventilation effects*, Critical Care Medicine, vol.33, issue.12, pp.2804-2813, 2005.
DOI : 10.1097/01.CCM.0000191250.32988.A3

S. Reynolds, R. Meyyappan, and V. Thakkar, Mitigation of Ventilator-Induced Diaphragm Atrophy by Transvenous Phrenic Nerve Stimulation, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.195, pp.339-387, 2017.
DOI : 10.1164/rccm.201502-0363OC

M. Dres, J. Teboul, and X. Monnet, Weaning the cardiac patient from mechanical ventilation, Current Opinion in Critical Care, vol.20, issue.5, pp.493-501, 2014.
DOI : 10.1097/MCC.0000000000000131

M. Dres, J. Teboul, and N. Anguel, Extravascular Lung Water, B-Type Natriuretic Peptide, and Blood Volume Contraction Enable Diagnosis of Weaning-Induced Pulmonary Edema*, Critical Care Medicine, vol.42, issue.8, pp.1882-1891, 2014.
DOI : 10.1097/CCM.0000000000000295

M. Dres, D. Roux, and T. Pham, Prevalence and Impact on Weaning of Pleural Effusion at the Time of Liberation from Mechanical Ventilation, Anesthesiology, vol.126, issue.6, pp.1107-1122, 2017.
DOI : 10.1097/ALN.0000000000001621

M. Umbrello, G. Mistraletti, and A. Galimberti, Drainage of pleural effusion improves diaphragmatic function in mechanically ventilated patients, Crit Care Resusc J, vol.19, pp.64-70, 2017.

A. Martin, B. Smith, and P. Davenport, Inspiratory muscle strength training improves weaning outcome in failure to wean patients: a randomized trial, Critical Care, vol.15, issue.2, p.84, 2011.
DOI : 10.1183/09031936.05.00105204

B. Bissett, I. Leditschke, and T. Neeman, Inspiratory muscle training to enhance recovery from mechanical ventilation: a randomised trial, Thorax, vol.95, issue.9, pp.812-821, 2016.
DOI : 10.2522/ptj.20140245

J. Doorduin, C. Sinderby, and J. Beck, The Calcium Sensitizer Levosimendan Improves Human Diaphragm Function, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.82, issue.1, pp.90-95, 2012.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02570507

A. Gordon, G. Perkins, and M. Singer, Levosimendan for the Prevention of Acute Organ Dysfunction in Sepsis, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.375, issue.17, pp.1638-1686, 2016.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa1609409

J. Jiang, T. Tsai, and J. Jerng, Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Liver/Spleen Movements and Extubation Outcome, Chest, vol.126, issue.1, pp.179-85, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S0012-3692(15)32912-3

Z. Lu, Q. Xu, Y. Yuan, G. Zhang, F. Guo et al., Diaphragmatic Dysfunction Is Characterized by Increased Duration of Mechanical Ventilation in Subjects With Prolonged Weaning, Respiratory Care, vol.61, issue.10, pp.1316-1338, 2016.
DOI : 10.4187/respcare.04746

G. Supinski and L. Callahan, Diaphragm weakness in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients, Critical Care, vol.17, issue.3, p.120, 2013.
DOI : 10.1165/rcmb.2008-0275OC
URL : https://ccforum.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/cc12792?site=ccforum.biomedcentral.com

F. Laghi, S. Cattapan, and A. Jubran, Is Weaning Failure Caused by Low-Frequency Fatigue of the Diaphragm?, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.167, issue.2, pp.120-127, 2003.
DOI : 10.1136/thx.38.8.616

C. Carrie, C. Gisbert-mora, and E. Bonnardel, Ultrasonographic diaphragmatic excursion is inaccurate and not better than the MRC score for predicting weaning-failure in mechanically ventilated patients, Anaesthesia Critical Care & Pain Medicine, vol.36, issue.1, pp.9-14, 2017.
DOI : 10.1016/j.accpm.2016.05.009