A. Contrepois, Towards a history of infective endocarditis. Medical history, pp.25-54, 1996.

W. Osler, The Gulstonian Lectures, on Malignant Endocarditis, BMJ, vol.1, issue.1264, pp.577-579, 1885.
DOI : 10.1136/bmj.1.1264.577

D. Kaye, Changing pattern of infective endocarditis, The American Journal of Medicine, vol.78, issue.6, pp.157-162, 1985.
DOI : 10.1016/0002-9343(85)90378-X

M. Movahed, Y. Saito, M. Ahmadi-kashani, and R. Ebrahimi, Mitral Annulus Calcification is associated with valvular and cardiac structural abnormalities, Cardiovascular Ultrasound, vol.97, issue.9, pp.14-17359540, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.11.065

N. Benito, Health care-associated native valve endocarditis: importance of non-nosocomial acquisition. Annals of internal medicine, pp.586-594, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00464772

J. Federspiel, S. Stearns, A. Peppercorn, V. Chu, V. Fowler et al., Increasing US Rates of <emph type="ital" /> Endocarditis With <emph type="ital">Staphylococcus aureus</emph>: 1999-2008, Archives of Internal Medicine, vol.172, issue.4, pp.363-365, 2008.
DOI : 10.1001/archinternmed.2011.1027

X. Duval, Temporal Trends in Infective Endocarditis in the Context of Prophylaxis Guideline Modifications, Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol.59, issue.22, pp.1968-1976, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.02.029

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00825449

J. Pericas, Enterococcal endocarditis revisited, Future Microbiology, vol.10, issue.7, pp.1215-1240, 2015.
DOI : 10.2217/fmb.15.46

S. Morpeth, Non-HACEK gram-negative bacillus endocarditis. Annals of internal medicine, pp.829-835, 2007.
DOI : 10.7326/0003-4819-147-12-200712180-00002

J. Baddley, Candida infective endocarditis, European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, vol.366, issue.9495, pp.519-529, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/s10096-008-0466-x

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00464780

P. Fournier, Comprehensive diagnostic strategy for blood culture-negative endocarditis: a prospective study of 819 new cases Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, pp.131-140, 2010.

D. Durack, P. Beeson, and R. Petersdorf, Experimental bacterial endocarditis. 3. Production and progress of the disease in rabbits, British journal of experimental pathology, vol.54, pp.142-151, 1973.

L. Gross, NONBACTERIAL THROMBOTIC ENDOCARDITIS, Archives of Internal Medicine, vol.58, issue.4, p.21, 1936.
DOI : 10.1001/archinte.1936.00170140045004

D. Mcgowan and R. Gillett, Scanning electron microscopic observations of the surface of the initial lesion in experimental streptococcal endocarditis in the rabbit, British journal of experimental pathology, vol.61, pp.164-171, 1980.

T. Veloso, Use of a Human-Like Low-Grade Bacteremia Model of Experimental Endocarditis To Study the Role of Staphylococcus aureus Adhesins and Platelet Aggregation in Early Endocarditis, Infection and Immunity, vol.81, issue.3, pp.697-703, 2013.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.01030-12

L. Forner, T. Larsen, M. Kilian, and P. Holmstrup, Incidence of bacteremia after chewing, tooth brushing and scaling in individuals with periodontal inflammation, Journal of Clinical Periodontology, vol.24, issue.6, pp.401-407, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/s10096-002-0810-5

P. Lockhart, The risk for endocarditis in dental practice, Periodontology 2000, vol.23, issue.1, pp.127-135, 2000.
DOI : 10.1034/j.1600-0757.2000.2230113.x

D. Durack and P. Beeson, Protective Role of Complement in Experimental Escherichia-Coli Endocarditis, Infection and immunity, vol.16, pp.213-217, 1977.

K. Gould, C. Ramirez-ronda, R. Holmes, and J. Sanford, Adherence of bacteria to heart valves in vitro., Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol.56, issue.6, pp.1364-1370, 1975.
DOI : 10.1172/JCI108216

J. Nienaber, Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Endocarditis Isolates Are Associated With Clonal Complex 30 Genotype and a Distinct Repertoire of Enterotoxins and Adhesins, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.204, issue.5, pp.704-713, 2011.
DOI : 10.1093/infdis/jir389

K. Simmon, Phylogenetic Analysis of Viridans Group Streptococci Causing Endocarditis, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol.46, issue.9, pp.3087-3090, 2008.
DOI : 10.1128/JCM.00920-08

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00464778

P. Moreillon, C. Overholser, R. Malinverni, J. Bille, and M. Glauser, Predictors of Endocarditis in Isolates from Cultures of Blood Following Dental Extractions in Rats with Periodontal Disease, Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.157, issue.5, pp.990-995, 1988.
DOI : 10.1093/infdis/157.5.990

W. Scheld, R. Calderone, G. Alliegro, and M. Sande, Yeast Adherence in the Pathogenesis of Candida Endocarditis, Experimental Biology and Medicine, vol.168, issue.2, pp.208-213, 1981.
DOI : 10.3181/00379727-168-41261

W. Scheld, R. Strunk, G. Balian, and R. Calderone, Microbial Adhesion to Fibronectin in Vitro Correlates with Production of Endocarditis in Rabbits, Experimental Biology and Medicine, vol.180, issue.3, pp.474-482, 1985.
DOI : 10.3181/00379727-180-42205

J. Lowrance, L. Baddour, and W. Simpson, The role of fibronectin binding in the rat model of experimental endocarditis caused by Streptococcus sanguis., Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol.86, issue.1, pp.7-13, 1990.
DOI : 10.1172/JCI114717

R. Hamill, J. Vann, and R. Proctor, Phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus by cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells: model for postadherence events in endovascular infections, Infection and immunity, vol.54, pp.833-836, 1986.

J. Yao, R. Bone, and R. Sawhney, Differential effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha on the expression of fibronectin and collagen genes in cultured bovine endothelial cells. Cellular & molecular biology research, pp.17-28, 1995.

D. Mcdevitt, P. Francois, P. Vaudaux, and T. Foster, Molecular characterization of the clumping factor (fibrinogen receptor) of Staphylococcus aureus, Molecular Microbiology, vol.5, issue.2, pp.237-248, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0378-1119(85)90120-9

P. Moreillon, Role of Staphylococcus aureus coagulase and clumping factor in pathogenesis of experimental endocarditis, Infection and immunity, vol.63, pp.4738-4743, 1995.

Y. Que, Fibrinogen and fibronectin binding cooperate for valve infection and invasion in Staphylococcus aureus experimental endocarditis. The Journal of experimental medicine, pp.1627-1635, 2005.

A. Bayer, Hyperproduction of alpha-toxin by Staphylococcus aureus results in paradoxically reduced virulence in experimental endocarditis: a host defense role for platelet microbicidal proteins, Infection and immunity, vol.65, pp.4652-4660, 1997.

W. Scheld, J. Valone, and M. Sande, Bacterial adherence in the pathogenesis of endocarditis. Interaction of bacterial dextran, platelets, and fibrin. The Journal of clinical investigation, pp.1394-1404, 1978.

L. Pelletier, . Jr, M. Coyle, and R. Petersdorf, Dextran Production as a Possible Virulence Factor in Streptococcal Endocarditis, Experimental Biology and Medicine, vol.158, issue.3, pp.415-420, 1978.
DOI : 10.3181/00379727-158-40216

D. Burnette-curley, FimA, a major virulence factor associated with Streptococcus parasanguis endocarditis, Infection and immunity, vol.63, pp.4669-4674, 1995.

H. Viscount, C. Munro, D. Burnette-curley, D. Peterson, and F. Macrina, Immunization with FimA protects against Streptococcus parasanguis endocarditis in rats, Infection and immunity, vol.65, pp.994-1002, 1997.

Y. Takahashi, Contribution of Sialic Acid-Binding Adhesin to Pathogenesis of Experimental Endocarditis Caused by Streptococcus gordonii DL1, Infection and Immunity, vol.74, issue.1, pp.740-743, 2006.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.74.1.740-743.2006

Y. Xiong, B. Bensing, A. Bayer, H. Chambers, and P. Sullam, Role of the serine-rich surface glycoprotein GspB of Streptococcus gordonii in the pathogenesis of infective endocarditis. Microbial pathogenesis, pp.297-301, 2008.

I. Siboo, D. Chaffin, C. Rubens, and P. Sullam, Characterization of the Accessory Sec System of Staphylococcus aureus, Journal of Bacteriology, vol.190, issue.18, pp.6188-6196, 2008.
DOI : 10.1128/JB.00300-08

J. Mitchell, I. Siboo, D. Takamatsu, H. Chambers, and P. Sullam, Mechanism of cell surface expression of the Streptococcus mitis platelet binding proteins PblA and PblB. Molecular microbiology, pp.844-857, 2007.

C. Clawson, G. Rao, and J. White, Platelet interaction with bacteria. IV. Stimulation of the release reaction. The American journal of pathology, pp.411-420, 1975.

M. Herzberg, The platelet interactivity phenotype of Streptococcus sanguis influences the course of experimental endocarditis, Infection and immunity, vol.60, pp.4809-4818, 1992.

B. Shenkman, Complex interaction of platelets, Staphylococcus aureus and subendothelium: The role of GPIb and platelet adhesion, Blood, vol.86, pp.2193-2193, 1995.

J. Hartleib, Protein A is the von Willebrand factor binding protein on Staphylococcus aureus, Blood, vol.96, pp.2149-2156, 2000.

T. Youssefian, A. Drouin, J. Masse, J. Guichard, and E. Cramer, Host defense role of platelets: engulfment of HIV and Staphylococcus aureus occurs in a specific subcellular compartment and is enhanced by platelet activation, Blood, vol.99, issue.11, pp.4021-4029, 2002.
DOI : 10.1182/blood-2001-12-0191

M. Yeaman, D. Norman, and A. Bayer, Staphylococcus aureus susceptibility to thrombin-induced platelet microbicidal protein is independent of platelet adherence and aggregation in vitro, Infection and immunity, vol.60, pp.2368-2374, 1992.

D. Durack and P. Beeson, Experimental bacterial endocarditis. II. Survival of a bacteria in endocardial vegetations, British journal of experimental pathology, vol.53, pp.50-53, 1972.

L. Yao, J. Berman, S. Factor, and F. Lowy, Correlation of histopathologic and bacteriologic changes with cytokine expression in an experimental murine model of bacteremic Staphylococcus aureus infection, Infection and immunity, vol.65, pp.3889-3895, 1997.

M. Bancsi, M. Veltrop, R. Bertina, and J. Thompson, Role of phagocytosis in activation of the coagulation system in Streptococcus sanguis endocarditis. Infection and immunity, pp.5166-5170, 1996.

K. Seidl, Combinatorial Phenotypic Signatures Distinguish Persistent from Resolving Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia Isolates, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.55, issue.2, pp.575-582, 2011.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.01028-10

URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3028773

Y. Xiong, Bacteremia In Vitro and in an Experimental Endocarditis Model, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.199, issue.2, pp.201-208, 2009.
DOI : 10.1086/595738

W. Abdelhady, activation correlates with vancomycin treatment failure in multi-clonotype MRSA endovascular infections, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol.70, issue.5, pp.1443-1452, 2015.
DOI : 10.1093/jac/dku547

T. Laxdal, R. Messner, R. Williams, and P. Quie, Opsonic Agglutinating and Complement-Fixing Antibodies in Patients with Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis, Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine, vol.71, p.638, 1968.

M. Qoronfleh, W. Weraarchakul, and B. Wilkinson, Antibodies to a Range of Staphylococcus-Aureus and Escherichia-Coli Heat-Shock Proteins in Sera from Patients with Staphylococcus-Aureus Endocarditis, Infection and immunity, vol.61, pp.1567-1570, 1993.

W. Scheld, J. Thomas, and M. Sande, Influence of Preformed Antibody on Experimental Streptococcus-Sanguis Endocarditis, Infection and immunity, vol.25, pp.781-785, 1979.

W. Scheld, R. Calderone, J. Brodeur, and M. Sande, Influence of preformed antibody on the pathogenesis of experimental Candida albicans endocarditis, Infection and immunity, vol.40, pp.950-955, 1983.

D. Greenberg, J. Ward, and A. Bayer, Influence of Staphylococcus aureus antibody on experimental endocarditis in rabbits, Infection and immunity, vol.55, pp.3030-3034, 1987.

J. Vernachio, Anti-Clumping Factor A Immunoglobulin Reduces the Duration of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia in an Experimental Model of Infective Endocarditis, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.47, issue.11, pp.3400-3406, 2003.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.47.11.3400-3406.2003

I. Scully, Demonstration of the preclinical correlate of protection for Staphylococcus aureus clumping factor A in a murine model of infection, Vaccine, vol.33, issue.41, pp.5452-5457, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.08.029

R. Williams and H. Kunkel, Rheumatoid Factors and Theri Disappearance Following Therapy in Patients with Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis, Arthritis and rheumatism, vol.5, p.126, 1962.

J. Sheagren, C. Tuazon, C. Griffin, and N. Padmore, Rheumatoid factor in acute bacterial endocarditis, Arthritis & Rheumatism, vol.128, issue.5, pp.887-890, 1976.
DOI : 10.1002/art.1780190509

J. Phair and C. J. , Immunology of infective endocarditis, Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, vol.22, issue.3, pp.137-144, 1979.
DOI : 10.1016/0033-0620(79)90019-7

P. Bacon, C. Davidson, and B. Smith, Antibodies to Candida and Autoantibodies in Sub-Acute Bacterial-Endocarditis, Q J Med, vol.43, pp.537-550, 1974.

A. Bayer, A. Theofilopoulos, F. Dixon, and L. Guze, Circulating Immune Complexes in Infective Endocarditis, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.295, issue.27, pp.451-451, 1976.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJM197612302952703

J. Alpert, H. Krous, J. Dalen, O. Rourke, R. Bloor et al., Pathogenesis of Osler's nodes. Annals of internal medicine, pp.471-473, 1976.

J. Cabane, Fate of circulating immune complexes in infective endocarditis, The American Journal of Medicine, vol.66, issue.2, pp.277-282, 1979.
DOI : 10.1016/0002-9343(79)90545-X

R. Kauffmann, J. Thompson, R. Valentijn, M. Daha, and L. Van-es, The clinical implications and the pathogenetic significance of circulating immune complexes in infective endocarditis. The American journal of medicine, pp.17-25, 1981.

P. Brouqui, J. Dumler, and D. Raoult, Immunohistologic demonstration of Coxiella burnetii in the valves of patients with Q fever endocarditis. The American journal of medicine, pp.451-458, 1994.

P. Brouqui and D. Raoult, Endocarditis Due to Rare and Fastidious Bacteria, Clinical Microbiology Reviews, vol.14, issue.1, pp.177-207, 2001.
DOI : 10.1128/CMR.14.1.177-207.2001

URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC88969

A. Morris, Gram stain, culture, and histopathological examination findings for heart valves removed because of infective endocarditis Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, pp.697-704, 2003.

M. Manzano, Acute Coronary Syndrome in Infective Endocarditis, Revista Espa??ola de Cardiolog??a (English Edition), vol.60, issue.1, pp.24-31, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/S1885-5857(07)60102-9

L. Morel-maroger, J. Sraer, G. Herreman, and P. Godeau, Kidney in subacute endocarditis. Pathological and immunofluorescence findings, Archives of pathology, vol.94, pp.205-213, 1972.

S. Brown, Bacteriologic and surgical determinants of survival in patients with mycotic aneurysms, Journal of Vascular Surgery, vol.1, issue.4, pp.541-547, 1984.
DOI : 10.1016/0741-5214(84)90040-5

X. Duval, Effect of Early Cerebral Magnetic Resonance Imaging on Clinical Decisions in Infective Endocarditis, Annals of Internal Medicine, vol.152, issue.8, pp.497-504, 2010.
DOI : 10.7326/0003-4819-152-8-201004200-00006

J. Champey, Value of brain MRI in infective endocarditis: a narrative literature review. European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases: official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology, pp.159-168, 2016.

U. Snygg-martin, Cerebrovascular complications in patients with left-sided infective endocarditis are common: a prospective study using magnetic resonance imaging and neurochemical brain damage markers. Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, pp.23-30, 2008.

S. Dickerman, The relationship between the initiation of antimicrobial therapy and the incidence of stroke in infective endocarditis: An analysis from the ICE Prospective Cohort Study (ICE-PCS), American Heart Journal, vol.154, issue.6, pp.1086-1094, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ahj.2007.07.023

L. Weinstein and J. Schlesinger, Pathoanatomic, pathophysiologic and clinical correlations in endocarditis (second of two parts) The New England journal of medicine, pp.1122-1126, 1974.

J. Miro, A. Del-rio, and C. Mestres, Infective endocarditis and cardiac surgery in intravenous drug abusers and HIV-1 infected patients, Cardiology Clinics, vol.21, issue.2, pp.167-184, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0733-8651(03)00025-0

A. Kerr, . Jr, and J. Tan, Biopsies of the Janeway Lesion of Infective Endocarditis, Journal of Cutaneous Pathology, vol.50, issue.2, pp.124-129, 1979.
DOI : 10.1001/archderm.95.1.91

P. Loughrey, D. Armstrong, and C. Lockhart, Classical eye signs in bacterial endocarditis, QJM, vol.108, issue.11, pp.909-910, 2015.
DOI : 10.1093/qjmed/hcv055

A. Okada, R. Johnson, W. Liles, D. Amico, D. Baker et al., Endogenous Bacterial Endophthalmitis, Ophthalmology, vol.101, issue.5, pp.832-838, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/S0161-6420(13)31255-X

J. Jung, Incidence and Risk Factors of Ocular Infection Caused by Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.60, issue.4, pp.2012-2017, 2016.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.02651-15

P. Beeson, E. Brannon, and J. Warren, Observations on the Sites of Removal of Bacteria from the Blood in Patients with Bacterial Endocarditis. The Journal of experimental medicine, pp.9-23, 1945.

G. Pazin, S. Saul, and M. Thompson, Blood Culture Positivity, Archives of Internal Medicine, vol.142, issue.2, pp.263-268, 1982.
DOI : 10.1001/archinte.1982.00340150063013

P. Tattevin, G. Watt, M. Revest, C. Arvieux, and P. Fournier, Update on blood culture-negative endocarditis, M??decine et Maladies Infectieuses, vol.45, issue.1-2, pp.1-8, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.medmal.2014.11.003

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01269918

A. Tunkel and D. Kaye, Endocarditis with Negative Blood Cultures, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.326, issue.18, pp.1215-1217, 1992.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJM199204303261809

S. Austin, S. Smith, B. Co, I. Coppel, and J. Johnson, Serologic evidence of acute murine typhus infection in a patient with culture-negative endocarditis. The American journal of the medical sciences, pp.320-323, 1987.

D. Shapiro, Brief Report: Chlamydia Psittaci Endocarditis Diagnosed by Blood Culture, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.326, issue.18, pp.1192-1195, 1992.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJM199204303261805

D. Raoult, Diagnosis of 22 new cases of Bartonella endocarditis Annals of internal medicine, pp.646-652, 1996.

F. Fenollar, H. Lepidi, and D. Raoult, Infection, and Blood Culture???Positive Endocarditis, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol.33, issue.8, pp.1309-1316, 2001.
DOI : 10.1086/322666

T. Vollmer, 23S rDNA real-time polymerase chain reaction of heart valves: a decisive tool in the diagnosis of infective endocarditis, European Heart Journal, vol.31, issue.9, pp.1105-1113, 2010.
DOI : 10.1093/eurheartj/ehp600

L. Baddour, Infective Endocarditis in Adults: Diagnosis, Antimicrobial Therapy, and Management of Complications, Circulation, vol.132, issue.15, pp.1435-1486, 2015.
DOI : 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000296

G. Habib, 2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of infective endocarditis, European Heart Journal, vol.36, issue.44, pp.3075-3128, 2015.
DOI : 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv319

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01466878

R. Popp and . Echocardiography, The New England journal of medicine, pp.101-109, 1990.

R. Erbel, Improved diagnostic value of echocardiography in patients with infective endocarditis by transoesophageal approach. A prospective study, European Heart Journal, vol.9, issue.1, pp.43-53, 1988.
DOI : 10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a062389

T. Holland, C. Arnold, V. Fowler, and . Jr, Bacteremia, JAMA, vol.312, issue.13, pp.1330-1341, 2014.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.2014.9743

A. Kaasch, Use of a simple criteria set for guiding echocardiography in nosocomial Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, pp.1-9, 2011.

J. Joseph, Prioritizing echocardiography in Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol.68, issue.2, pp.444-449, 2013.
DOI : 10.1093/jac/dks408

R. Khatib and M. Sharma, Echocardiography Is Dispensable in Uncomplicated Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia, Medicine, vol.92, issue.3, pp.182-188, 2013.
DOI : 10.1097/MD.0b013e318294a710

B. Palraj, Predicting Risk of Endocarditis Using a Clinical Tool (PREDICT): Scoring System to Guide Use of Echocardiography in the Management of Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, pp.18-28, 2015.

A. Showler, Use of Transthoracic Echocardiography in the Management of Low-Risk Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia, JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging, vol.8, issue.8, pp.924-931, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jcmg.2015.02.027

N. Bruun, G. Habib, F. Thuny, and P. Sogaard, Cardiac imaging in infectious endocarditis, European Heart Journal, vol.35, issue.10, pp.624-632, 2014.
DOI : 10.1093/eurheartj/eht274

M. Pizzi, F-Fluordeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography AngiographyCLINICAL PERSPECTIVE, Circulation, vol.132, issue.12, pp.1113-1126, 2015.
DOI : 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.015316

L. Saby, Positron emission tomography/computed tomography for diagnosis of prosthetic valve endocarditis: increased valvular 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake as a novel major criterion, European Heart Journal, vol.34, issue.suppl 1, pp.2374-2382, 2013.
DOI : 10.1093/eurheartj/eht311.5950

D. Durack, A. Lukes, and D. Bright, New criteria for diagnosis of infective endocarditis: utilization of specific echocardiographic findings. Duke Endocarditis Service. The American journal of medicine, pp.200-209, 1994.

J. Li, Proposed modifications to the Duke criteria for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of, America, vol.30, pp.633-638, 2000.

B. Hoen, Evaluation of the Duke criteria versus the Beth Israel criteria for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, pp.905-909, 1995.

M. Heiro, J. Nikoskelainen, J. Hartiala, M. Saraste, and P. Kotilainen, Diagnosis of infective endocarditis. Sensitivity of the Duke vs von Reyn criteria. Archives of internal medicine, pp.18-24, 1998.

J. Stockheim, Are the Duke criteria superior to the Beth Israel criteria for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis in children? Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, pp.1451-1456, 1998.

B. Hoen, The Duke criteria for diagnosing infective endocarditis are specific: analysis of 100 patients with acute fever or fever of unknown origin. Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, pp.298-302, 1996.

M. Sekeres, An assessment of the usefulness of the Duke criteria for diagnosing active infective endocarditis Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of, America, vol.24, pp.1185-1190, 1997.

W. Wilson, Prevention of infective endocarditis: Guidelines from the American Heart Association, The Journal of the American Dental Association, vol.138, issue.6, pp.739-760, 2007.
DOI : 10.14219/jada.archive.2007.0262

N. Danchin, X. Duval, and C. Leport, Prophylaxis of infective endocarditis: French recommendations 2002, Heart, vol.91, issue.6, pp.715-718, 2002.
DOI : 10.1136/hrt.2003.033183

R. Richey, D. Wray, and T. Stokes, Prophylaxis against infective endocarditis: summary of NICE guidance, BMJ, vol.336, issue.7647, pp.770-771, 2008.
DOI : 10.1136/bmj.39510.423148.AD

M. Thornhill, Impact of the NICE guideline recommending cessation of antibiotic prophylaxis for prevention of infective endocarditis: before and after study, BMJ, vol.342, issue.may03 1, p.2392, 2011.
DOI : 10.1136/bmj.d2392

S. Pasquali, Trends in endocarditis hospitalizations at US children's hospitals: impact of the, American Heart Association Antibiotic Prophylaxis Guidelines. American heart journal, vol.163, pp.894-899, 2007.

P. Lockhart, N. Hanson, H. Ristic, A. Menezes, and L. Baddour, Acceptance among and impact on dental practitioners and patients of American Heart Association recommendations for antibiotic prophylaxis, The Journal of the American Dental Association, vol.144, issue.9, pp.1030-1035, 2013.
DOI : 10.14219/jada.archive.2013.0230

M. Dayer, Incidence of infective endocarditis in England, 2000???13: a secular trend, interrupted time-series analysis, The Lancet, vol.385, issue.9974, pp.1219-1228, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62007-9

S. Pant, Trends in Infective Endocarditis Incidence, Microbiology, and Valve Replacement in the United States From 2000 to 2011, Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol.65, issue.19, pp.2070-2076, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.03.518

J. Pericas, Neglecting Enterococci May Lead to a Misinterpretation of the Consequences of Last Changes in Endocarditis Prophylaxis American Heart Association Guidelines, Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol.66, issue.19, p.2156, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.07.083

X. Duval and B. Hoen, Prophylaxis for infective endocarditis: let's end the debate, The Lancet, vol.385, issue.9974, pp.1164-1165, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62121-8

K. Blot, J. Bergs, D. Vogelaers, S. Blot, and D. Vandijck, Prevention of central line-associated bloodstream infections through quality improvement interventions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, pp.96-105, 2014.

R. Nishimura, 2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease, Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol.63, issue.22, pp.57-185, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.02.536

K. Laplante and M. Rybak, Impact of High-Inoculum Staphylococcus aureus on the Activities of Nafcillin, Vancomycin, Linezolid, and Daptomycin, Alone and in Combination with Gentamicin, in an In Vitro Pharmacodynamic Model, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.48, issue.12, pp.4665-4672, 2004.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.48.12.4665-4672.2004

R. Eng, F. Padberg, S. Smith, E. Tan, and C. Cherubin, Bactericidal effects of antibiotics on slowly growing and nongrowing bacteria., Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.35, issue.9, pp.1824-1828, 1991.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.35.9.1824

F. Gould, Guidelines for the diagnosis and antibiotic treatment of endocarditis in adults: a report of the Working Party of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol.67, issue.2, pp.269-289, 2012.
DOI : 10.1093/jac/dkr450

E. Athan, SY.3.1 CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND OUTCOME OF INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS INVOLVING IMPLANTABLE CARDIAC DEVICES, International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, vol.41, pp.1727-1735, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/S0924-8579(13)70010-4

L. Baddour, Update on Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Device Infections and Their Management: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association, Circulation, vol.121, issue.3, pp.458-477, 2010.
DOI : 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192665

J. Mcdanel, Comparative effectiveness of beta-lactams versus vancomycin for treatment of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections among 122 hospitals. Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, pp.361-367, 2015.

K. Mcconeghy, S. Bleasdale, and K. Rodvold, The empirical combination of vancomycin and a beta-lactam for Staphylococcal bacteremia Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, pp.1760-1765, 2013.

I. Bernstein, Allergy Diagnostic Testing: An Updated Practice Parameter, Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology, vol.100, issue.3, pp.1-148, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)60305-5

K. Blumenthal, R. Parker, E. Shenoy, and R. Walensky, Improving Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Methicillin-Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia and Reported Penicillin Allergy Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, pp.741-749, 2015.

P. Dodek and P. Phillips, Questionable history of immediate-type hypersensitivity to penicillin in Staphylococcal endocarditis: treatment based on skin-test results vers-us empirical alternative treatment?A decision analysis Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, pp.1251-1256, 1999.

C. Liu, Clinical practice guidelines by the infectious diseases society of america for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children. Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, pp.18-55, 2011.

G. Steinkraus, R. White, and L. Friedrich, Vancomycin MIC creep in non-vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA), vancomycin-susceptible clinical methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) blood isolates from 2001 05, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol.60, issue.4, pp.788-794, 2007.
DOI : 10.1093/jac/dkm258

URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.533.8021

S. Van-hal, T. Lodise, and D. Paterson, The clinical significance of vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration in Staphylococcus aureus infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, pp.755-771, 2012.

A. Kalil, V. Schooneveld, T. Fey, P. Rupp, and M. , Bloodstream Infections, JAMA, vol.312, issue.15, pp.1552-1564, 2014.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.2014.6364

C. Cervera, Effect of vancomycin minimal inhibitory concentration on the outcome of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, pp.1668-1675, 2014.

M. Carugati, High-Dose Daptomycin Therapy for Left-Sided Infective Endocarditis: a Prospective Study from the International Collaboration on Endocarditis, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.57, issue.12, pp.6213-6222, 2013.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.01563-13

R. Kullar, High-Dose Daptomycin for Treatment of Complicated Gram-Positive Infections: A Large, Multicenter, Retrospective Study, Pharmacotherapy, vol.34, issue.6, pp.527-536, 2011.
DOI : 10.1086/652767

R. Kullar, A multicentre evaluation of the effectiveness and safety of high-dose daptomycin for the treatment of infective endocarditis, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol.68, issue.12, pp.2921-2926, 2013.
DOI : 10.1093/jac/dkt294

S. Cosgrove, Initial low-dose gentamicin for Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and endocarditis is nephrotoxic Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, pp.713-721, 2009.

D. Riedel, E. Weekes, and G. Forrest, Addition of Rifampin to Standard Therapy for Treatment of Native Valve Infective Endocarditis Caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.52, issue.7, pp.2463-2467, 2008.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.00300-08

D. Levine, B. Fromm, and B. Reddy, Slow Response to Vancomycin or Vancomycin plus Rifampin in Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Endocarditis, Annals of Internal Medicine, vol.115, issue.9, pp.674-680, 1991.
DOI : 10.7326/0003-4819-115-9-674

D. Drinkovic, A. Morris, S. Pottumarthy, D. Macculloch, and T. West, Bacteriological outcome of combination versus single-agent treatment for staphylococcal endocarditis, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol.52, issue.5, pp.820-825, 2003.
DOI : 10.1093/jac/dkg440

G. Thwaites, Adjunctive rifampicin to reduce early mortality from Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia (ARREST): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial, Trials, vol.38, issue.Suppl 3, p.241, 2012.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0014170

A. Casapao, Large Retrospective Evaluation of the Effectiveness and Safety of Ceftaroline Fosamil Therapy, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.58, issue.5, pp.2541-2546, 2014.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.02371-13

V. Fabre, M. Ferrada, W. Buckel, E. Avdic, and S. Cosgrove, Ceftaroline in Combination With Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole for Salvage Therapy of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia and Endocarditis, Open Forum Infectious Diseases, vol.1, issue.2, p.46, 2014.
DOI : 10.1093/ofid/ofu046

A. Del-rio, Fosfomycin plus ??-Lactams as Synergistic Bactericidal Combinations for Experimental Endocarditis Due to Methicillin-Resistant and Glycopeptide-Intermediate Staphylococcus aureus, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.60, issue.1, pp.478-486, 2016.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.02139-15

N. Rev and D. Primers, Author manuscript; available in PMC, 2017.

C. Chirouze, Impact of early valve surgery on outcome of Staphylococcus aureus prosthetic valve infective endocarditis: analysis in the International Collaboration of Endocarditis- Prospective Cohort Study Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, pp.741-749, 2015.

P. Tornos, Infective Endocarditis Due to Staphylococcus aureus, Archives of Internal Medicine, vol.159, issue.5, pp.473-475, 1999.
DOI : 10.1001/archinte.159.5.473

K. Chan, Effect of long-term aspirin use on embolic events in infective endocarditis Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, pp.37-41, 2008.

U. Snygg-martin, Warfarin therapy and incidence of cerebrovascular complications in left-sided native valve endocarditis, European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, vol.169, issue.5, pp.151-157, 2011.
DOI : 10.1007/s10096-010-1063-3

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00625146

K. Park, Optimal Duration of Antibiotic Therapy in Patients With Hematogenous Vertebral Osteomyelitis at Low Risk and High Risk of Recurrence Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, pp.1262-1269, 2016.

F. Delahaye, Systematic Search for??Present and Potential Portals of Entry for Infective Endocarditis, Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol.67, issue.2, pp.151-158, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.10.065

S. Perrotta, O. Aljassim, A. Jeppsson, O. Bech-hanssen, and G. Svensson, Survival and quality of life after aortic root replacement with homografts in acute endocarditis. The Annals of thoracic surgery, pp.1862-1867, 2010.

D. Verhagen, Health-related quality of life and posttraumatic stress disorder among survivors of left-sided native valve endocarditis Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, pp.1559-1565, 2009.

A. Yeates, Early and Mid-Term Outcomes Following Surgical Management of Infective Endocarditis with Associated Cerebral Complications: A Single Centre Experience, Heart, Lung and Circulation, vol.19, issue.9, pp.523-527, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.hlc.2010.03.004

J. Jokinen, M. Hippelainen, O. Pitkanen, and J. Hartikainen, Mitral valve replacement versus repair: propensity-adjusted survival and quality-of-life analysis. The Annals of thoracic surgery, pp.451-458, 2007.

T. Rasmussen, A randomised clinical trial of comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation versus usual care for patients treated for infective endocarditis?the CopenHeartIE trial protocol, BMJ open, vol.2, 2012.

T. Rasmussen, A. Zwisler, P. Moons, and S. Berg, Insufficient Living, The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, vol.30, issue.3, pp.11-19, 2015.
DOI : 10.1097/JCN.0000000000000144

K. Iversen, Partial oral treatment of endocarditis, American Heart Journal, vol.165, issue.2, pp.116-122, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ahj.2012.11.006

M. Dunne, Extended-Duration Dosing and Distribution of Dalbavancin into Bone and Articular Tissue, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.59, issue.4, pp.1849-1855, 2015.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.04550-14

J. Messina, V. Fowler, . Jr, and G. Corey, Oritavancin for acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections, Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, vol.70, issue.2, pp.1091-1098, 2015.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa1310422

URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4580226

H. Boucher, Once-Weekly Dalbavancin versus Daily Conventional Therapy for Skin Infection, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.370, issue.23, pp.2169-2179, 2014.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa1310480

M. Dunne, A Randomized Clinical Trial of Single-Dose Versus Weekly Dalbavancin for Treatment of Acute Bacterial Skin and Skin Structure Infection Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, pp.545-551, 2016.

G. Corey, Single-Dose Oritavancin in the Treatment of Acute Bacterial Skin Infections, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.370, issue.23, pp.2180-2190, 2014.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa1310422

I. Raad, Efficacy and safety of weekly dalbavancin therapy for catheter-related bloodstream infection caused by gram-positive pathogens. Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, pp.374-380, 2005.

T. Kitten, C. Munro, A. Wang, and F. Macrina, Vaccination with FimA from Streptococcus parasanguis Protects Rats from Endocarditis Caused by Other Viridans Streptococci, Infection and Immunity, vol.70, issue.1, pp.422-425, 2002.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.70.1.422-425.2002

URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC127623

B. Spellberg, rAls3p???N or rAls1p???N Vaccines against Disseminated and Mucosal Candidiasis, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.194, issue.2, pp.256-260, 2006.
DOI : 10.1086/504691

H. Shinefield, Conjugate Vaccine in Patients Receiving Hemodialysis, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.346, issue.7, pp.491-496, 2002.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa011297

B. Spellberg, The Antifungal Vaccine Derived from the Recombinant N Terminus of Als3p Protects Mice against the Bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, Infection and Immunity, vol.76, issue.10, pp.4574-4580, 2008.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.00700-08

C. Schmidt, NDV-3, a recombinant alum-adjuvanted vaccine for Candida and Staphylococcus aureus, is safe and immunogenic in healthy adults, Vaccine, vol.30, issue.52, pp.7594-7600, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.10.038

F. Bagnoli, Vaccine composition formulated with a novel TLR7-dependent adjuvant induces high and broad protection against Staphylococcus aureus, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol.112, pp.3680-3685, 2015.

K. Werdan, Mechanisms of infective endocarditis: pathogen???host interaction and risk states, Nature Reviews Cardiology, vol.89, issue.1, pp.35-50, 2014.
DOI : 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.773598

H. Lepidi, D. Durack, and D. Raoult, Diagnostic methods, Infectious Disease Clinics of North America, vol.16, issue.2, pp.339-361, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0891-5520(02)00005-3

M. Marin, Molecular Diagnosis of Infective Endocarditis by Real-Time Broad-Range Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Sequencing Directly From Heart Valve Tissue, Medicine, vol.86, issue.4, pp.195-202, 2007.
DOI : 10.1097/MD.0b013e31811f44ec

H. Lepidi, B. Coulibaly, J. Casalta, and D. Raoult, Autoimmunohistochemistry: a new method for the histologic diagnosis of infective endocarditis. The Journal of infectious diseases, pp.1711-1717, 2006.

A. Imai, Comprehensive metagenomic approach for detecting causative microorganisms in culture-negative infective endocarditis, International Journal of Cardiology, vol.172, issue.2, pp.288-289, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.12.197

M. Benoit, The Transcriptional Programme of Human Heart Valves Reveals the Natural History of Infective Endocarditis, PLoS ONE, vol.5, issue.1, p.8939, 2010.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0008939.s007

S. Ahn, Gene Expression-Based Classifiers Identify Staphylococcus aureus Infection in Mice and Humans, PLoS ONE, vol.10, issue.1, p.48979, 2013.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0048979.s014

D. Desimone, Incidence of Infective Endocarditis Caused by Viridans Group Streptococci Before and After Publication of the 2007 American Heart Association's Endocarditis Prevention Guidelines, Circulation, vol.126, issue.1, pp.60-64, 2012.
DOI : 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.095281

B. Bikdeli, Trends in Hospitalization Rates and Outcomes of Endocarditis Among Medicare Beneficiaries, Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol.62, issue.23, pp.2217-2226, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.07.071

D. Desimone, Incidence of Infective Endocarditis Due to Viridans Group Streptococci Before and After the 2007 American Heart Association???s Prevention Guidelines, Mayo Clinic Proceedings, vol.90, issue.7, pp.874-881, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.04.019

A. Mackie, W. Liu, A. Savu, A. Marelli, and P. Kaul, Infective Endocarditis Hospitalizations Before and After the, American Heart Association Prophylaxis Guidelines. Can J Cardiol, 2007.

J. Weems and . Jr, Phase II, Randomized, Double-Blind, Multicenter Study Comparing the Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Tefibazumab to Placebo for Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.50, issue.8, pp.2751-2755, 2006.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.00096-06

M. Rupp, Phase II, Randomized, Multicenter, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of a Polyclonal Anti-Staphylococcus aureus Capsular Polysaccharide Immune Globulin in Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.51, issue.12, pp.4249-4254, 2007.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.00570-07

D. Benjamin, A blinded, randomized, multicenter study of an intravenous Staphylococcus aureus immune globulin, Journal of Perinatology, vol.65, issue.5, pp.290-295, 2006.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.jp.7211496

M. Dejonge, Clinical Trial of Safety and Efficacy of IHN-A21 for the Prevention of Nosocomial Staphylococcal Bloodstream Infection in Premature Infants, The Journal of Pediatrics, vol.151, issue.3, pp.260-265, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpeds.2007.04.060

L. Weisman, A Randomized Study of a Monoclonal Antibody (Pagibaximab) to Prevent Staphylococcal Sepsis, PEDIATRICS, vol.128, issue.2, pp.271-279, 2011.
DOI : 10.1542/peds.2010-3081

V. Fowler, Effect of an Investigational Vaccine for Preventing Staphylococcus aureus Infections After Cardiothoracic Surgery, JAMA, vol.309, issue.13, pp.1368-1378, 2013.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.2013.3010

V. Fowler, . Jr, and R. Proctor, Where does a Staphylococcus aureus vaccine stand? Clinical microbiology and infection: the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, pp.66-75, 2014.