A. Van-kan, G. Rolland, Y. Andrieu, S. Bauer, J. Beauchet et al., Gait speed at usual pace as a predictor of adverse outcomes in community-dwelling older people an International Academy on Nutrition and Aging (IANA) Task Force, The journal of nutrition, health & aging, vol.26, issue.10, pp.881-889, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/s12603-009-0246-z

B. Ainsworth, W. Haskell, A. Leon, D. Jacobs, . Jr et al., Compendium of Physical Activities: classification of energy costs of human physical activities, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol.25, issue.1, pp.71-80, 1993.
DOI : 10.1249/00005768-199301000-00011

C. Albert, J. Ma, N. Rifai, M. Stampfer, and P. Ridker, Prospective Study of C-Reactive Protein, Homocysteine, and Plasma Lipid Levels as Predictors of Sudden Cardiac Death, Circulation, vol.105, issue.22, pp.2595-2599, 2002.
DOI : 10.1161/01.CIR.0000017493.03108.1C

H. Atkinson, C. Rosano, E. Simonsick, J. Williamson, C. Davis et al., Cognitive Function, Gait Speed Decline, and Comorbidities: The Health, Aging and Body Composition Study, The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, vol.62, issue.8, pp.844-850, 2007.
DOI : 10.1093/gerona/62.8.844

H. Baezner, C. Blahak, A. Poggesi, L. Pantoni, D. Inzitari et al., Association of gait and balance disorders with age-related white matter changes: The LADIS Study, Neurology, vol.70, issue.12, pp.935-942, 2008.
DOI : 10.1212/01.wnl.0000305959.46197.e6

E. Baker, . Jr, P. Landrigan, A. Barbour, D. Cox et al., Occupational lead poisoning in the United States: clinical and biochemical findings related to blood lead levels., Occupational and Environmental Medicine, vol.36, issue.4, pp.314-322, 1979.
DOI : 10.1136/oem.36.4.314

K. Bandeen-roche, T. Glass, K. Bolla, A. Todd, and B. Schwartz, Cumulative Lead Dose and Cognitive Function in Older Adults, Epidemiology, vol.20, issue.6, pp.831-839, 2009.
DOI : 10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181b5f100

M. Bleecker, D. Ford, M. Celio, C. Vaughan, and K. Lindgren, Impact of cognitive reserve on the relationship of lead exposure and neurobehavioral performance, Neurology, vol.69, issue.5, pp.470-476, 2007.
DOI : 10.1212/01.wnl.0000266628.43760.8c

R. Bohannon, Comfortable and maximum walking speed of adults aged 20???79 years: reference values and determinants, Age and Ageing, vol.26, issue.1, pp.15-19, 1997.
DOI : 10.1093/ageing/26.1.15

R. Bohannon, Population Representative Gait Speed and Its Determinants, Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy, vol.31, issue.2, pp.49-52, 2008.
DOI : 10.1519/00139143-200831020-00002

K. Boyer, B. Kiratli, T. Andriacchi, and G. Beaupre, Maintaining femoral bone density in adults: how many steps per day are enough?, Osteoporosis International, vol.19, issue.25, pp.2981-2988, 2011.
DOI : 10.1007/s00198-011-1538-9

E. Brunner, M. Shipley, D. Witte, A. Singh-manoux, A. Britton et al., Arterial Stiffness, Physical Function, and Functional Limitation: The Whitehall II Study, Hypertension, vol.57, issue.5, pp.1003-1009, 2011.
DOI : 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.168864

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00584378

A. Buchman, P. Boyle, S. Leurgans, D. Evans, and D. Bennett, Pulmonary Function, Muscle Strength, and Incident Mobility Disability in Elders, Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society, vol.6, issue.7, pp.581-587, 2009.
DOI : 10.1513/pats.200905-030RM

T. Bunn, J. Marsh, and R. Dietert, GENDER DIFFERENCES IN DEVELOPMENTAL IMMUNOTOXICITY TO LEAD IN THE CHICKEN: ANALYSIS FOLLOWING A SINGLE EARLY LOW-LEVEL EXPOSURE IN OVO, Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, vol.61, issue.8, pp.61677-693, 2000.
DOI : 10.1080/00984100050195152

T. Bunn, P. Parsons, E. Kao, and R. Dietert, GENDER-BASED PROFILES OF DEVELOPMENTAL IMMUNOTOXICITY TO LEAD IN THE RAT: ASSESSMENT IN JUVENILES AND ADULTS, Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, vol.163, issue.3, pp.223-240, 2001.
DOI : 10.1039/ja9961100025

G. Cocchini, D. Sala, S. Logie, R. Pagani, R. Sacco et al., Dual task effects of walking when talking in Alzheimer's disease, Rev Neurol (Paris), vol.160, issue.1, pp.74-80, 2004.

S. Coon, A. Stark, E. Peterson, A. Gloi, G. Kortsha et al., Whole-Body Lifetime Occupational Lead Exposure And Risk Of Parkinson???s Disease, Environmental Health Perspectives, vol.114, pp.1872-1876, 2006.
DOI : 10.1289/ehp.9102

R. Cooper, R. Hardy, A. Sayer, A. Ben-shlomo, Y. Birnie et al., Age and Gender Differences in Physical Capability Levels from Mid-Life Onwards: The Harmonisation and Meta-Analysis of Data from Eight UK Cohort Studies, PLoS ONE, vol.40, issue.11, 2011.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0027899.s005

J. Dumurgier, A. Elbaz, P. Ducimetiere, B. Tavernier, A. Alperovitch et al., Slow walking speed and cardiovascular death in well functioning older adults: prospective cohort study, BMJ, vol.339, issue.nov10 2, p.4460, 2009.
DOI : 10.1136/bmj.b4460

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-01165000

J. Dumurgier, A. Elbaz, C. Dufouil, B. Tavernier, and C. Tzourio, Hypertension and lower walking speed in the elderly: the Three-City study, Journal of Hypertension, vol.28, issue.7, pp.1506-1514, 2010.
DOI : 10.1097/HJH.0b013e328338bbec

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-01165024

A. Elbaz, M. Ripert, B. Tavernier, B. Fevrier, M. Zureik et al., Common Carotid Artery Intima-Media Thickness, Carotid Plaques, and Walking Speed, Stroke, vol.36, issue.10, pp.2198-2202, 2005.
DOI : 10.1161/01.STR.0000181752.16915.5c

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00177056

G. Evans and E. Kantrowitz, Socioeconomic Status and Health: The Potential Role of Environmental Risk Exposure, Annual Review of Public Health, vol.23, issue.1, pp.303-331, 2002.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.23.112001.112349

A. Fitzpatrick, C. Buchanan, R. Nahin, S. Dekosky, H. Atkinson et al., Associations of Gait Speed and Other Measures of Physical Function With Cognition in a Healthy Cohort of Elderly Persons, The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, vol.62, issue.11, pp.1244-1251, 2007.
DOI : 10.1093/gerona/62.11.1244

I. Bugel, Socioeconomic, demographic, occupational , and health factors associated with participation in a long-term epidemiologic survey: a prospective study of the French GAZEL cohort and its target population, Am J Epidemiol, vol.154, issue.4, pp.373-384, 2001.

J. Graham, G. Ostir, S. Fisher, and K. Ottenbacher, Assessing walking speed in clinical research: a systematic review, Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, vol.14, issue.12, pp.552-562, 2008.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2753.2007.00917.x

R. Grashow, A. Spiro, K. Taylor, K. Newton, R. Shrairman et al., Cumulative lead exposure in community-dwelling adults and fine motor function: Comparing standard and novel tasks in the VA Normative Aging Study, NeuroToxicology, vol.35, pp.154-161, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neuro.2013.01.005

I. Hajjar, F. Yang, F. Sorond, R. Jones, W. Milberg et al., A Novel Aging Phenotype of Slow Gait, Impaired Executive Function, and Depressive Symptoms: Relationship to Blood Pressure and Other Cardiovascular Risks, The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, vol.64, issue.9, 2009.
DOI : 10.1093/gerona/glp075

W. Hall, Update in Geriatrics, Annals of Internal Medicine, vol.145, issue.7, pp.538-543, 2006.
DOI : 10.7326/0003-4819-145-7-200610030-00012

J. Hausdorff, G. Yogev, S. Springer, E. Simon, and N. Giladi, Walking is more like catching than tapping: gait in the elderly as a complex cognitive task, Experimental Brain Research, vol.16, issue.4, pp.541-548, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s00221-005-2280-3

H. Hu, M. Rabinowitz, and D. Smith, Bone lead as a biological marker in epidemiologic studies of chronic toxicity: conceptual paradigms, Environmental Health Perspectives, vol.106, issue.1, pp.1-8, 1998.
DOI : 10.1289/ehp.981061

M. Inzitari, M. Baldereschi, D. Carlo, A. , D. Bari et al., Impaired Attention Predicts Motor Performance Decline in Older Community-Dwellers With Normal Baseline Mobility: Results From the Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging (ILSA), The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, vol.62, issue.8, pp.837-843, 2007.
DOI : 10.1093/gerona/62.8.837

S. Ko, S. Stenholm, C. Chia, E. Simonsick, and L. Ferrucci, Gait pattern alterations in older adults associated with type 2 diabetes in the absence of peripheral neuropathy???Results from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, Gait & Posture, vol.34, issue.4, pp.548-552, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2011.07.014

H. Kuo, J. Bean, C. Yen, and S. Leveille, Linking C-reactive protein to late-life disability in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 1999.

H. Kuo, S. Leveille, C. Yen, H. Chai, C. Chang et al., Exploring How Peak Leg Power and Usual Gait Speed Are Linked to Late-Life Disability, American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, vol.85, issue.8, pp.650-658, 1999.
DOI : 10.1097/01.phm.0000228527.34158.ed

H. Kuo, S. Leveille, Y. Yu, and W. Milberg, Cognitive Function, Habitual Gait Speed, and Late-Life Disability in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999???2002, Gerontology, vol.53, issue.2, pp.102-110, 2002.
DOI : 10.1159/000096792

H. Kuo, K. Liao, S. Leveille, J. Bean, C. Yen et al., Relationship of Homocysteine Levels to Quadriceps Strength, Gait Speed, and Late-Life Disability in Older Adults, The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, vol.62, issue.4, pp.434-439, 2007.
DOI : 10.1093/gerona/62.4.434

J. Kwon, T. Suzuki, H. Yoshida, H. Kim, Y. Yoshida et al., Association between change in bone mineral density and decline in usual walking speed in elderly communitydwelling Japanese women during 2 years of follow-up, 2007.

I. Lang, A. Scarlett, J. Guralnik, M. Depledge, D. Melzer et al., Age-Related Impairments of Mobility Associated with Cobalt and Other Heavy Metals: Data from NHANES 1999???2004, Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, vol.1, issue.6, pp.402-409, 1999.
DOI : 10.1006/abbi.1998.0710

B. Lanphear, R. Hornung, J. Khoury, K. Yolton, P. Baghurst et al., Low-Level Environmental Lead Exposure and Children???s Intellectual Function: An International Pooled Analysis, Environmental Health Perspectives, vol.113, issue.7, pp.894-899, 2005.
DOI : 10.1289/ehp.7688

L. Launer, A. Wind, and D. Deeg, Nonresponse Pattern and Bias in a Community-based Cross-sectional Study of Cognitive Functioning among the Elderly, American Journal of Epidemiology, vol.139, issue.8, pp.803-812, 1994.
DOI : 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117077

C. Lindsey, R. Brownbill, R. Bohannon, and J. Ilich, Association of Physical Performance Measures With Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women, Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, vol.86, issue.6, pp.1102-1107, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.apmr.2004.09.028

P. Mcconnell and M. Berry, THE EFFECTS OF POSTNATAL LEAD EXPOSURE ON Purkinje cell DENDRITIC DEVELOPMENT IN THE RAT, Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology, vol.62, issue.2, pp.115-132, 1979.
DOI : 10.1016/0014-4800(77)90073-9

A. Menke, P. Muntner, V. Batuman, E. Silbergeld, and E. Guallar, Blood Lead Below 0.48 ??mol/L (10 ??g/dL) and Mortality Among US Adults, Circulation, vol.114, issue.13, pp.1388-1394, 2006.
DOI : 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.628321

D. Miller, D. Paschal, E. Gunter, P. Stroud, D. Angelo et al., Determination of lead in blood using electrothermal atomisation atomic absorption spectrometry with a l'vov platform and matrix modifier, The Analyst, vol.112, issue.12, pp.1701-1704, 1987.
DOI : 10.1039/an9871201701

S. Morton and A. Bastian, Relative Contributions of Balance and Voluntary Leg-Coordination Deficits to Cerebellar Gait Ataxia, Journal of Neurophysiology, vol.89, issue.4, pp.1844-1856, 2003.
DOI : 10.1152/jn.00787.2002

D. Nash, L. Magder, M. Lustberg, R. Sherwin, R. Rubin et al., Blood Lead, Blood Pressure, and Hypertension in Perimenopausal and Postmenopausal Women, JAMA, vol.289, issue.12, pp.1523-1532, 2003.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.289.12.1523

A. Navas-acien, E. Guallar, E. Silbergeld, and S. Rothenberg, Lead Exposure and Cardiovascular Disease???A Systematic Review, Environmental Health Perspectives, vol.115, issue.3, pp.472-482, 2007.
DOI : 10.1289/ehp.9785

A. Navas-acien, E. Silbergeld, R. Sharrett, E. Calderon-aranda, E. Selvin et al., Metals in Urine and Peripheral Arterial Disease, Environmental Health Perspectives, vol.113, issue.2, pp.164-169, 2005.
DOI : 10.1289/ehp.7329

G. Ostir, S. Volpato, L. Fried, P. Chaves, and J. Guralnik, Reliability and sensitivity to change assessed for a summary measure of lower body function, Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, vol.55, issue.9, pp.916-921, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0895-4356(02)00436-5

K. Palombaro, L. Hack, K. Mangione, A. Barr, R. Newton et al., Gait Variability Detects Women in Early Postmenopause With Low Bone Mineral Density, Physical Therapy, vol.89, issue.12, pp.1315-1326, 2009.
DOI : 10.2522/ptj.20080401

P. Parsons and W. Slavin, A rapid Zeeman graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometric method for the determination of lead in blood, Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, vol.48, issue.6-7, pp.925-939, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0584-8547(93)80094-B

G. Patrick and W. Anderson, Dendritic Alterations of Cerebellar Purkinje Neurons in Postnatally Lead-Exposed Kittens, Developmental Neuroscience, vol.22, issue.4, pp.320-328, 2000.
DOI : 10.1159/000017456

M. Ris, K. Dietrich, P. Succop, O. Berger, and R. Bornschein, Early exposure to lead and neuropsychological outcome in adolescence, Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, vol.9, issue.02, pp.261-270, 2004.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa022848

C. Rosano, H. Aizenstein, S. Studenski, and A. Newman, A Regions-of-Interest Volumetric Analysis of Mobility Limitations in Community-Dwelling Older Adults, The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, vol.62, issue.9, pp.1048-1055, 2007.
DOI : 10.1093/gerona/62.9.1048

C. Rosano, E. Simonsick, T. Harris, S. Kritchevsky, J. Brach et al., Association between Physical and Cognitive Function in Healthy Elderly: The Health, Aging and Body Composition Study, Neuroepidemiology, vol.24, issue.1-2, pp.8-14, 2005.
DOI : 10.1159/000081043

S. Schober, L. Mirel, B. Graubard, D. Brody, and K. Flegal, Blood lead levels and death from all causes, cardio vascular disease, and cancer: results from the NHANES III mortality study, Environ Health Perspect, vol.114, pp.1538-1541, 2006.

P. Sheridan, J. Solomont, N. Kowall, and J. Hausdorff, Influence of Executive Function on Locomotor Function: Divided Attention Increases Gait Variability in Alzheimer's Disease, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, vol.55, issue.11, pp.1633-1637, 2003.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1532-5415.2003.51516.x

R. Shih, T. Glass, K. Bandeen-roche, M. Carlson, K. Bolla et al., Environmental lead exposure and cognitive function in community-dwelling older adults, Neurology, vol.67, issue.9, pp.1556-1562, 2006.
DOI : 10.1212/01.wnl.0000239836.26142.c5

R. Shih, H. Hu, M. Weisskopf, and B. Schwartz, Cumulative Lead Dose and Cognitive Function in Adults: A Review of Studies That Measured Both Blood Lead and Bone Lead, Environmental Health Perspectives, vol.115, issue.3, pp.483-492, 2007.
DOI : 10.1289/ehp.9786

A. Soumare, A. Elbaz, Y. Zhu, P. Maillard, F. Crivello et al., White matter lesions volume and motor performances in the elderly, Annals of Neurology, vol.51, issue.6, pp.706-715, 2009.
DOI : 10.1002/ana.21674

A. Soumare, B. Tavernier, A. Alperovitch, C. Tzourio, and A. Elbaz, A Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Study of the Relationship Between Walking Speed and Cognitive Function in Community-Dwelling Elderly People, The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, vol.64, issue.10, pp.1058-1065, 2009.
DOI : 10.1093/gerona/glp077

E. Strandhagen, C. Berg, L. Lissner, L. Nunez, A. Rosengren et al., Selection bias in a population survey with registry linkage: potential effect on socioeconomic gradient in cardiovascular risk, European Journal of Epidemiology, vol.14, issue.3, pp.163-172, 2010.
DOI : 10.1007/s10654-010-9427-7

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00562277

S. Studenski, S. Perera, K. Patel, C. Rosano, K. Faulkner et al., Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults, JAMA, vol.305, issue.1, pp.50-58, 2011.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.2010.1923

D. Taaffe, E. Simonsick, M. Visser, S. Volpato, M. Nevitt et al., Lower Extremity Physical Performance and Hip Bone Mineral Density in Elderly Black and White Men and Women: Cross-Sectional Associations in the Health ABC Study, The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, vol.58, issue.10, pp.934-942, 2003.
DOI : 10.1093/gerona/58.10.M934

S. Tsaih, S. Korrick, J. Schwartz, C. Amarasiriwardena, A. Aro et al., Lead, Diabetes, Hypertension, and Renal Function: The Normative Aging Study, Environmental Health Perspectives, vol.112, issue.11, pp.1178-1182, 2004.
DOI : 10.1289/ehp.7024

M. Vahter, A. Åkesson, C. Liden, S. Ceccatelli, and M. Berglund, Gender differences in the disposition and toxicity of metals, Environmental Research, vol.104, issue.1, pp.85-95, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.envres.2006.08.003

D. Wechsler, WAIS-III WMS-III Technical Manual, 1997.

M. Weisskopf, H. Hu, R. Mulkern, R. White, A. Aro et al., Cognitive Deficits and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Adult Monozygotic Twins with Lead Poisoning, Environmental Health Perspectives, vol.112, issue.5, pp.620-625, 2004.
DOI : 10.1289/ehp.6687

M. Weisskopf, N. Jain, H. Nie, D. Sparrow, P. Vokonas et al., A Prospective Study of Bone Lead Concentration and Death From All Causes, Cardiovascular Diseases, and Cancer in the Department of Veterans Affairs Normative Aging Study, Circulation, vol.120, issue.12, pp.1056-1064, 2009.
DOI : 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.827121

M. Weisskopf, S. Proctor, R. Wright, J. Schwartz, A. Spiro et al., Cumulative Lead Exposure and Cognitive Performance Among Elderly Men, Epidemiology, vol.18, issue.1, pp.59-66, 2007.
DOI : 10.1097/01.ede.0000248237.35363.29

M. Weisskopf, J. Weuve, H. Nie, M. Saint-hilaire, L. Sudarsky et al., Association of Cumulative Lead Exposure with Parkinson???s Disease, Environmental Health Perspectives, vol.118, issue.11, pp.1609-1613, 2010.
DOI : 10.1289/ehp.1002339

J. Weuve, S. Korrick, M. Weisskopf, L. Ryan, J. Schwartz et al., Cumulative Exposure to Lead in Relation to Cognitive Function in Older Women, Environmental Health Perspectives, vol.117, issue.4, pp.574-580, 2009.
DOI : 10.1289/ehp.11846

J. Yeh, Y. Chang, and J. Wang, Combined electroneurographic and electromyographic studies in lead workers., Occupational and Environmental Medicine, vol.52, issue.6, pp.415-419, 1995.
DOI : 10.1136/oem.52.6.415