Acute inflammation is the body's response to infection or injury, characterised by the rapid infiltration of poly-morphonuclear neutrophils to the site of injury followed by monocytes, which differentiate locally into macrophages. The latter are essential for the removal of effete neutrophils and provided that the harmful agent is eliminated, removal of neutrophils will lead to the resolution of inflammation. Perturbations in this process result in the persistence of inflammation and close control of pathways associated with resolution are necessary to avoid chronic inflammation, autoimmunity, or both. As our understanding of these processes increase, drugs able to trigger pro-resolution pathways may represent an effective strategy for treating chronic inflammatory diseases.