G. Chanques, S. Jaber, E. Barbotte, S. Violet, M. Sebbane et al., Impact of systematic evaluation of pain and agitation in an intensive care unit*, Critical Care Medicine, vol.34, issue.6, pp.1691-1699, 2006.
DOI : 10.1097/01.CCM.0000218416.62457.56

G. Chanques, M. Sebbane, E. Barbotte, E. Viel, J. Eledjam et al., A Prospective Study of Pain at Rest: Incidence and Characteristics of an Unrecognized Symptom in Surgical and Trauma versus Medical Intensive Care Unit Patients, Anesthesiology, vol.107, issue.5, pp.858-860, 2007.
DOI : 10.1097/01.anes.0000287211.98642.51

J. Payen, G. Chanques, J. Mantz, C. Hercule, I. Auriant et al., Current Practices in Sedation and Analgesia for Mechanically Ventilated Critically Ill Patients, Anesthesiology, vol.106, issue.4, pp.687-695, 2007.
DOI : 10.1097/01.anes.0000264747.09017.da

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00281334

A. De-jong, N. Molinari, S. De-lattre, C. Gniadek, J. Carr et al., Decreasing severe pain and serious adverse events while moving intensive care unit patients: a prospective interventional study (the NURSE-DO project), Critical Care, vol.17, issue.2, p.74, 2013.
DOI : 10.1097/01.CCM.0000292010.11345.24

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00825012

G. Page, W. Blakely, and S. Ben-eliyahu, Evidence that postoperative pain is a mediator of the tumor-promoting effects of surgery in rats, Pain, vol.90, issue.1, pp.191-199, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0304-3959(00)00403-6

J. Greisen, C. Juhl, T. Grofte, H. Vilstrup, T. Jensen et al., Acute Pain Induces Insulin Resistance in Humans, Anesthesiology, vol.95, issue.3, pp.578-584, 2001.
DOI : 10.1097/00000542-200109000-00007

S. Jaber, G. Chanques, C. Altairac, M. Sebbane, C. Vergne et al., A Prospective Study of Agitation in a Medical-Surgical ICU, Chest, vol.128, issue.4, pp.2749-2757, 2005.
DOI : 10.1378/chest.128.4.2749

B. Robinson, E. Mueller, K. Henson, R. Branson, S. Barsoum et al., An Analgesia???Delirium???Sedation Protocol for Critically Ill Trauma Patients Reduces Ventilator Days and Hospital Length of Stay, The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, vol.65, issue.3, pp.517-526, 2008.
DOI : 10.1097/TA.0b013e318181b8f6

J. Payen, J. Bosson, G. Chanques, J. Mantz, and J. Labarere, Pain Assessment Is Associated with Decreased Duration of Mechanical Ventilation in the Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology, vol.111, issue.6, pp.1308-1316, 2009.
DOI : 10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181c0d4f0

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00453688

Y. Skrobik, S. Ahern, M. Leblanc, F. Marquis, D. Awissi et al., Protocolized Intensive Care Unit Management of Analgesia, Sedation, and Delirium Improves Analgesia and Subsyndromal Delirium Rates, Anesthesia & Analgesia, vol.111, issue.2, pp.451-463, 2010.
DOI : 10.1213/ANE.0b013e3181d7e1b8

K. Puntillo, L. Wild, A. Morris, S. Hutt, J. Thompson et al., Practices and predictors of analgesic interventions for adults undergoing painful procedures, Am J Crit Care, vol.11, pp.415-429, 2002.

J. Martin, M. Franck, S. Sigel, M. Weiss, and C. Spies, Changes in sedation management in German intensive care units between 2002 and 2006: a national follow up survey, Critical Care, vol.11, issue.6, p.124, 2007.
DOI : 10.1186/cc6189

H. Reschreiter, M. Maiden, and A. Kapila, Sedation practice in the intensive care unit: a UK national survey, Critical Care, vol.12, issue.6, p.152, 2008.
DOI : 10.1186/cc7141

W. Schweickert and J. Kress, Strategies to optimize analgesia and sedation, Critical Care, vol.12, issue.Suppl 3, p.6, 2008.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJM200005043421801

A. Joffe, M. Hallman, C. Gelinas, D. Herr, and K. Puntillo, Evaluation and treatment of pain in critically ill adults, Semin Respir Crit Care Med, vol.34, pp.189-200, 2013.

J. Barr, G. Fraser, K. Puntillo, E. Ely, C. Gelinas et al., Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Pain, Agitation, and Delirium in Adult Patients in the Intensive Care Unit, Critical Care Medicine, vol.41, issue.1, pp.278-280, 2013.
DOI : 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3182783b72

J. Payen, O. Bru, J. Bosson, A. Lagrasta, E. Novel et al., Assessing pain in critically ill sedated patients by using a behavioral pain scale, Critical Care Medicine, vol.29, issue.12, pp.2258-2263, 2001.
DOI : 10.1097/00003246-200112000-00004

C. Gélinas, L. Fillion, K. Puntillo, C. Viens, and M. Fortier, Validation of the critical-care pain observation tool in adult patients, Am J Crit Care, vol.15, pp.420-427, 2006.

M. Odhner, D. Wegman, N. Freeland, A. Steinmetz, and G. Ingersoll, Assessing Pain Control in Nonverbal Critically Ill Adults, Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing, vol.22, issue.6, pp.260-267, 2003.
DOI : 10.1097/00003465-200311000-00010

A. Kabes, J. Graves, and J. Norris, Further Validation of the Nonverbal Pain Scale in Intensive Care Patients, Critical Care Nurse, vol.29, issue.1, pp.59-66, 2009.
DOI : 10.4037/ccn2009992

C. Sessler, M. Gosnell, M. Grap, G. Brophy, O. Neal et al., The Richmond Agitation???Sedation Scale, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.166, issue.10, pp.1338-1344, 2002.
DOI : 10.1164/rccm.2107138

E. Ely, T. B. Shintani, A. Thomason, J. Wheeler, A. Gordon et al., Monitoring Sedation Status Over Time in ICU Patients, JAMA, vol.289, issue.22, pp.2983-2991, 2003.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.289.22.2983

G. Chanques, E. Viel, J. Constantin, B. Jung, S. De-lattre et al., The measurement of pain in intensive care unit: Comparison of 5 self-report intensity scales, Pain, vol.151, issue.3, pp.711-721, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.pain.2010.08.039

K. Puntillo, A. Morris, C. Thompson, J. Stanik-hutt, C. White et al., Pain behaviors observed during six common procedures: Results from Thunder Project II*, Critical Care Medicine, vol.32, issue.2, pp.421-427, 2004.
DOI : 10.1097/01.CCM.0000108875.35298.D2

K. Puntillo, M. A. Timsit, J. Vignoud, L. Chanques, G. Robleda et al., Determinants of Procedural Pain Intensity in the Intensive Care Unit: The Europain Study, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.189, pp.39-47, 2014.
DOI : 10.1164/rccm.201306-1174OC

L. Gagliese, N. Weizblit, W. Ellis, and V. Chan, The measurement of postoperative pain: A comparison of intensity scales in younger and older surgical patients, Pain, vol.117, issue.3, pp.412-420, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.pain.2005.07.004

G. Chanques, J. Payen, G. Mercier, S. De-lattre, E. Viel et al., Assessing pain in non-intubated critically ill patients unable to self report: an adaptation of the Behavioral Pain Scale, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.44, issue.12, pp.2060-2067, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/s00134-009-1590-5

C. Gélinas, C. Arbour, C. Michaud, F. Vaillant, and S. Desjardins, Implementation of the critical-care pain observation tool on pain assessment/management nursing practices in an intensive care unit with nonverbal critically ill adults: a before and after study, International Journal of Nursing Studies, vol.48, issue.12, pp.1495-1504, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2011.03.012

J. Vincent, A. De-mendonça, F. Cantraine, R. Moreno, J. Takala et al., Use of the SOFA score to assess the incidence of organ dysfunction/failure in intensive care units, Critical Care Medicine, vol.26, issue.11, pp.1793-1800, 1998.
DOI : 10.1097/00003246-199811000-00016

E. Ely, S. Inouye, G. Bernard, S. Gordon, J. Francis et al., Delirium in Mechanically Ventilated Patients, JAMA, vol.286, issue.21, pp.2703-2710, 2001.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.286.21.2703

E. Ely, R. Margolin, J. Francis, L. May, T. B. Dittus et al., Evaluation of delirium in critically ill patients: Validation of the Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU), Critical Care Medicine, vol.29, issue.7, pp.1370-1379, 2001.
DOI : 10.1097/00003246-200107000-00012

C. Gelinas, K. Puntillo, A. Joffe, and J. Barr, A validated approach to evaluating psychometric properties of pain assessment tools for use in nonverbal critically ill adults, Semin Respir Crit Care Med, vol.34, pp.153-168, 2013.

J. Landis and G. Koch, The Measurement of Observer Agreement for Categorical Data, Biometrics, vol.33, issue.1, pp.159-174, 1977.
DOI : 10.2307/2529310

D. Altman, Practical Statistics for Medical Research, 1991.

L. Feldt, A test of the hypothesis that Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient is the same for two tests administered to the same sample, Psychometrika, vol.31, issue.1, pp.99-105, 1980.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02293600

J. Wright and N. Young, A comparison of different indices of responsiveness, Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, vol.50, issue.3, pp.239-247, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0895-4356(96)00373-3

F. Angst, M. Verra, S. Lehmann, and A. Aeschlimann, Responsiveness of five condition-specific and generic outcome assessment instruments for chronic pain, BMC Medical Research Methodology, vol.8, issue.1, p.26, 2008.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2007.00253.x

J. Topolovec-vranic, C. Gelinas, Y. Li, M. Pollman-mudryj, J. Innis et al., Validation and Evaluation of Two Observational Pain Assessment Tools in a Trauma and Neurosurgical Intensive Care Unit, Pain Research and Management, vol.18, issue.6, pp.107-114, 2013.
DOI : 10.1155/2013/263104

M. Novaes, A. Aronovich, M. Ferraz, and E. Knobel, Stressors in ICU: patients??? evaluation, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.35, issue.12, pp.1282-1285, 1997.
DOI : 10.1007/s001340050500

A. Rotondi, L. Chelluri, C. Sirio, A. Mendelsohn, R. Schultz et al., Patients??? recollections of stressful experiences while receiving prolonged mechanical ventilation in an intensive care unit*, Critical Care Medicine, vol.30, issue.4, pp.746-752, 2002.
DOI : 10.1097/00003246-200204000-00004

J. Stanik-hutt, K. Soeken, A. Belcher, D. Fontaine, and A. Gift, Pain experiences of traumatically injured patients in a critical care setting

M. Vazquez, M. Pardavila, M. Lucia, Y. Aguado, M. Margall et al., Pain assessment in turning procedures for patients with invasive mechanical ventilation, Nursing in Critical Care, vol.22, issue.4, pp.178-185, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1478-5153.2011.00436.x

W. Schweickert, M. Pohlman, A. Pohlman, C. Nigos, A. Pawlik et al., Early physical and occupational therapy in mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients: a randomised controlled trial, The Lancet, vol.373, issue.9678, pp.1874-1882, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60658-9

M. Pohlman, W. Schweickert, A. Pohlman, C. Nigos, A. Pawlik et al., Feasibility of physical and occupational therapy beginning from initiation of mechanical ventilation*, Critical Care Medicine, vol.38, issue.11, pp.2089-2094, 2010.
DOI : 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181f270c3

J. Hall, Creating the animated intensive care unit, Critical Care Medicine, vol.38, pp.668-675, 2010.
DOI : 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181f203aa

L. Rose, L. Haslam, C. Dale, L. Knechtel, and M. Mcgillion, Behavioral Pain Assessment Tool for Critically Ill Adults Unable to Self-Report Pain, American Journal of Critical Care, vol.22, issue.3
DOI : 10.4037/ajcc2013200

K. Puntillo, D. Stannard, C. Miaskowski, K. Kehrle, and S. Gleeson, Use of a pain assessment and intervention notation (P.A.I.N.) tool in critical care nursing practice: Nurses' evaluations, Heart & Lung: The Journal of Acute and Critical Care, vol.31, issue.4, pp.303-314, 2002.
DOI : 10.1067/mhl.2002.125652

B. Pun, S. Gordon, J. Peterson, A. Shintani, J. Jackson et al., Large-scale implementation of sedation and delirium monitoring in the intensive care unit: A report from two medical centers*, Critical Care Medicine, vol.33, issue.6, pp.1199-1205, 2005.
DOI : 10.1097/01.CCM.0000166867.78320.AC