F. Orsay, 5 CHU Caen, Service d'Anatomo-Pathologie, 14000.

J. Li, S. Muralikrishnan, C. Ng, L. Yung, and B. Bay, Nanoparticle-induced pulmonary toxicity, Experimental Biology and Medicine, vol.34, issue.9, pp.1025-1033, 2010.
DOI : 10.1021/nn800596w

A. Seaton, L. Tran, R. Aitken, and K. Donaldson, Nanoparticles, human health hazard and regulation, Journal of The Royal Society Interface, vol.42, issue.12, pp.119-129, 2010.
DOI : 10.1006/taap.2002.9501

URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2843982

M. Kendall and S. Holgate, Health impact and toxicological effects of nanomaterials in the lung, Respirology, vol.11, issue.1-3, pp.743-758, 2013.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2012.02171.x

M. Taylor, J. Roberts, S. Leonard, X. Shi, and J. Antonini, Effects of Welding Fumes of Differing Composition and Solubility on Free Radical Production and Acute Lung Injury and Inflammation in Rats, Toxicological Sciences, vol.75, issue.1, pp.181-191, 2003.
DOI : 10.1093/toxsci/kfg173

I. Yu, K. Song, S. Maeng, S. Kim, J. Sung et al., Inflammatory and genotoxic responses during 30-day welding-fume exposure period, Toxicology Letters, vol.154, issue.1-2, pp.105-115, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.toxlet.2004.07.009

R. Hamilton, . Jr, N. Wu, D. Porter, M. Buford et al., Particle length-dependent titanium dioxide nanomaterials toxicity and bioactivity, Particle and Fibre Toxicology, vol.6, issue.1, p.35, 2009.
DOI : 10.1186/1743-8977-6-35

A. Shvedova, A. Kapralov, W. Feng, E. Kisin, A. Murray et al., Impaired Clearance and Enhanced Pulmonary Inflammatory/Fibrotic Response to Carbon Nanotubes in Myeloperoxidase-Deficient Mice, PLoS ONE, vol.77, issue.3, p.30923, 2012.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0030923.s002

L. Tabet, C. Bussy, A. Setyan, A. Simon-deckers, M. Rossi et al., Coating carbon nanotubes with a polystyrene-based polymer protects against pulmonary toxicity, Particle and Fibre Toxicology, vol.8, issue.1, p.3, 2011.
DOI : 10.1186/1743-8977-8-3

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00649416

J. Sowards, A. Ramirez, D. Dickinson, and J. Lippold, Characterization of welding fume from SMAW electrodes -Part II, pp.82-90, 2010.

J. Dasch, D. Arcy, and J. , Physical and Chemical Characterization of Airborne Particles from Welding Operations in Automotive Plants, Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, vol.84, issue.7, pp.444-454, 2008.
DOI : 10.1080/15459620600584352

D. Stephenson, G. Seshadri, and J. Veranth, Workplace Exposure to Submicron Particle Mass and Number Concentrations From Manual Arc Welding of Carbon Steel, AIHA Journal, vol.64, issue.4, pp.516-521, 2003.
DOI : 10.1080/15428110308984848

J. Antonini, Health Effects of Welding, Critical Reviews in Toxicology, vol.35, issue.1, pp.61-103, 2003.
DOI : 10.1080/00984100150501196

P. Zeidler-erdely, A. Erdely, and J. Antonini, Immunotoxicology of arc welding fume: Worker and experimental animal studies, Journal of Immunotoxicology, vol.32, issue.4, pp.411-425, 2012.
DOI : 10.3109/08958378.2010.548838

J. Kim, J. Chen, P. Boyce, and D. Christiani, Exposure to welding fumes is associated with acute systemic inflammatory responses, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, vol.62, issue.3, pp.157-163, 2005.
DOI : 10.1136/oem.2004.014795

E. Fireman, Y. Lerman, M. Stark, Y. Schwartz, E. Ganor et al., Detection of occult lung impairment in welders by induced sputum particles and breath oxidation, American Journal of Industrial Medicine, vol.26, issue.7, pp.503-511, 2008.
DOI : 10.1002/ajim.20586

S. Fang, E. Eisen, J. Cavallari, M. Mittleman, and D. Christiani, Circulating adhesion molecules after short-term exposure to particulate matter among welders, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, vol.67, issue.1, pp.11-16, 2009.
DOI : 10.1136/oem.2008.043794

C. Merigoux, F. Briki, F. Sarrot-reynauld, M. Salome, B. Fayard et al., Evidence for various calcium sites in human hair shaft revealed by sub-micrometer X-ray fluorescence, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects, vol.1619, issue.1, pp.53-58, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0304-4165(02)00441-5

J. Antonini, A. Lewis, J. Roberts, and D. Whaley, Pulmonary effects of welding fumes: Review of worker and experimental animal studies, American Journal of Industrial Medicine, vol.63, issue.4, pp.350-360, 2003.
DOI : 10.1002/ajim.10194

P. Kalliomaki, S. Sutinen, V. Kelha, E. Lakomaa, and V. Sortti, Amount and distribution of fume contaminants in the lungs of an arc welder post mortem., Occupational and Environmental Medicine, vol.36, issue.3, pp.224-230, 1979.
DOI : 10.1136/oem.36.3.224

M. Hull and J. Abraham, Aluminum welding fume-induced pneumoconiosis, Human Pathology, vol.33, issue.8, pp.819-825, 2002.
DOI : 10.1053/hupa.2002.125382

J. Antonini, J. Roberts, D. Schwegler-berry, and R. Mercer, Comparative microscopic study of human and rat lungs after overexposure to welding fume, Ann Occup Hyg, vol.57, pp.1167-1179, 2013.

R. Stern, G. Pigott, and J. Abraham, Fibrogenic potential of welding fumes, Journal of Applied Toxicology, vol.173, issue.1, pp.18-30, 1983.
DOI : 10.1002/jat.2550030106

J. Abraham and B. Burnett, Quantitative analysis of inorganic particulate burden in situ in tissue sections, Scan Electron Microsc, pp.681-696, 1983.

J. Abraham, A. Hunt, and B. Burnett, Steel (Fe?Cr) Particles as a marker of welding fume exposure, frequency of occurrence and prevalence in a series of over 400 human lungs, Ann Occup Hyg, vol.38, pp.551-557, 1994.

J. Abraham, A. Hunt, and B. Burnett, Lung pathology and mineralogy associated with high pulmonary burden of metal particles: Fe, Ti, Al and Cr in a pneumoconiosis database, Ann Occup Hyg, vol.41, pp.522-530, 1997.

T. Guidotti, J. Abraham, P. Denee, and J. Smith, Arc Welders??? Pneumoconiosis: Application of Advanced Scanning Electron Microscopy, Archives of Environmental Health: An International Journal, vol.122, issue.3, pp.117-124, 1978.
DOI : 10.1126/science.197.4301.356

J. Sowards, J. Lippold, D. Dickinson, and A. Ramirez, Characterization of welding fume from SMAW electrodes -Part I. Welding J, pp.106-112, 2008.

L. Stettler, D. Groth, and G. Mackay, Identification of stainless steel welding fume particulates in human lung and environmental samples using electron probe miciroanalysis, American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, vol.38, issue.2, pp.76-82, 1977.
DOI : 10.1080/0002889778507917

M. Keane, S. Stone, and C. B. , Welding fumes from stainless steel gas metal arc processes contain multiple manganese chemical species, Journal of Environmental Monitoring, vol.52, issue.1, pp.1133-1140, 2010.
DOI : 10.1039/b922840c

N. Jenkins and T. Eagar, Chemical analysis of welding fume particles, Welding J, vol.84, pp.87-93, 2005.

M. Flynn and P. Susi, Manganese, Iron, and Total Particulate Exposures to Welders, Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, vol.43, issue.2, pp.115-126, 2009.
DOI : 10.1080/15459620701718867

K. Driscoll, Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins: Biology and Role in Pulmonary Inflammation, Experimental Lung Research, vol.10, issue.6, pp.473-490, 1994.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.89.12.5371

K. Larsson, Inflammatory markers in COPD, The Clinical Respiratory Journal, vol.356, issue.8, pp.84-87, 2008.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1752-699X.2008.00089.x

D. Gales, C. Clark, U. Manne, and T. Samuel, The Chemokine CXCL8 in Carcinogenesis and Drug Response, ISRN Oncology, vol.6, issue.13, p.859154, 2013.
DOI : 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-11-0915

H. Zimmermann, C. Trautwein, and F. Tacke, Functional Role of Monocytes and Macrophages for the Inflammatory Response in Acute Liver Injury, Frontiers in Physiology, vol.3, p.56, 2012.
DOI : 10.3389/fphys.2012.00056

K. Driscoll, TNFa and MIP-2: role in particule-induced inflammation and regualtion by oxidative stress, Toxicol Lett, pp.112-113177, 2000.

P. Zeidler-erdely, M. Kashon, L. Battelli, S. Young, A. Erdely et al., Pulmonary inflammation and tumor induction in lung tumor susceptible A/J and resistant C57BL/6J mice exposed to welding fume, Particle and Fibre Toxicology, vol.5, issue.1, p.12, 2008.
DOI : 10.1186/1743-8977-5-12

J. Antonini, J. Roberts, S. Stone, B. Chen, D. Schwegler-berry et al., Persistence of deposited metals in the lungs after stainless steel and mild steel welding fume inhalation in rats, Archives of Toxicology, vol.5, issue.5, pp.487-498, 2011.
DOI : 10.1007/s00204-010-0601-1

J. Antonini, R. Clarke, K. Murthy, G. Sreekanthan, P. Jenkins et al., Freshly generated stainless steel welding fume induces greater lung inflammation in rats as compared to aged fume, Toxicology Letters, vol.98, issue.1-2, pp.77-86, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-4274(98)00103-9

J. Antonini, K. Murthy, G. Rogers, R. Albert, R. Ulrich et al., Pneumotoxicity and Pulmonary Clearance of Different Welding Fumes after Intratracheal Instillation in the Rat, Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, vol.140, issue.1, pp.188-199, 1996.
DOI : 10.1006/taap.1996.0212

J. Antonini, J. Roberts, R. Chapman, J. Soukup, A. Ghio et al., Pulmonary toxicity and extrapulmonary tissue distribution of metals after repeated exposure to different welding fumes, Inhalation Toxicology, vol.32, issue.2, pp.805-816, 2010.
DOI : 10.1093/toxsci/54.2.295

J. Antonini, S. Stone, J. Roberts, B. Chen, D. Schwegler-berry et al., Effect of short-term stainless steel welding fume inhalation exposure on lung inflammation, injury, and defense responses in rats, Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, vol.223, issue.3, pp.234-245, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.taap.2007.06.020

A. White, M. Peterson, M. Hochella, and . Jr, Electrochemistry and dissolution kinetics of magnetite and ilmenite, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.58, issue.8, pp.1859-1875, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0016-7037(94)90420-0

. Yangh, . Zhangc, . Shix, . Huh, . Dux et al., Water-soluble superparamagnetic manganese ferrite nanoparticles for magnetic resonance imaging, Biomaterials, vol.31, issue.13, pp.3667-3673, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.01.055

J. Jolivet, C. Chaneac, and E. Tronc, Iron oxide chemistry. From molecular clusters to extended solid networks, Chem Commun, pp.481-483, 2004.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/jpa-00254920

I. Dorovskikh, I. Gorichev, V. Batrakov, V. Kurilkin, and A. Izotov, Effect of the anionic composition and pH on the dissolution kinetics of chromium(III) oxide and chromium(III) hydroxide oxide in acids, Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, vol.51, issue.1, pp.143-151, 2006.
DOI : 10.1134/S0036023606010220

J. Kostka and K. Nealson, Dissolution and Reduction of Magnetite by Bacteria, Environmental Science & Technology, vol.29, issue.10, pp.2535-2540, 1995.
DOI : 10.1021/es00010a012

M. Novak and T. Koh, Macrophage phenotypes during tissue repair, Journal of Leukocyte Biology, vol.93, issue.6, pp.875-881, 2013.
DOI : 10.1189/jlb.1012512

W. Van-dijk, S. Gopal, and P. Scheepers, Nanoparticles in cigarette smoke; real-time undiluted measurements by a scanning mobility particle sizer, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, vol.17, issue.Suppl 1, pp.3573-3578, 2011.
DOI : 10.1007/s00216-011-4701-4

J. Araya and S. Nishimura, Fibrogenic Reactions in Lung Disease, Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease, vol.5, issue.1, pp.77-98, 2010.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.pathol.4.110807.092217

J. Camara and G. Jarai, Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in primary human bronchial epithelial cells is Smad-dependent and enhanced by fibronectin and TNF-alpha, Fibrogenesis Tissue Repair, vol.3, issue.2, 2010.

C. Lopez, S. Nielsen, B. Ensing, P. Moore, and M. Klein, Structure and Dynamics of Model Pore Insertion into a Membrane, Biophysical Journal, vol.88, issue.5, pp.3083-3094, 2005.
DOI : 10.1529/biophysj.104.053769

Y. Ishida, A. Kimura, T. Kondo, T. Hayashi, M. Ueno et al., Essential Roles of the CC Chemokine Ligand 3-CC Chemokine Receptor 5 Axis in Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis through Regulation of Macrophage and Fibrocyte Infiltration, The American Journal of Pathology, vol.170, issue.3, pp.843-854, 2007.
DOI : 10.2353/ajpath.2007.051213

V. Roggli, A. Gibbs, R. Attanoos, A. Churg, H. Popper et al., Pathology of asbestosis-An update of the diagnostic criteria: report of the asbestosis committee of the college of american pathologists and pulmonary pathology society, Arch Pathol Lab Med, vol.134, pp.462-480, 2010.

M. Billon-galland, Les marqueurs de l???exposition??: analyses biom??trologiques dans l???expectoration et le LBA ?????corps asbestosiques????? fibres non gain??es, Revue des Maladies Respiratoires, vol.29, issue.4, pp.521-528, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rmr.2012.03.001

S. Lanone, F. Rogerieux, J. Geys, A. Dupont, E. Maillot-maréchal et al., Comparative toxicity of 24 manufactured nanoparticles in human alveolar epithelial and macrophage cell lines, Particle and Fibre Toxicology, vol.6, issue.1, p.14, 2009.
DOI : 10.1186/1743-8977-6-14

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00407214

D. Wagsater, C. Zhu, H. Bjorck, and P. Eriksson, Effects of PDGF-C and PDGF-D on monocyte migration and MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression, Atherosclerosis, vol.202, issue.2, pp.415-423, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.04.050

M. Dagouassat, J. Gagliolo, S. Chrusciel, M. Bourin, C. Duprez et al., Pathway Maintains Senescence of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Fibroblasts, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.187, issue.7, pp.703-714, 2013.
DOI : 10.1164/rccm.201208-1361OC