M. Finucane, G. Stevens, M. Cowan, G. Danaei, J. Lin et al., National, regional, and global trends in body-mass index since 1980: systematic analysis of health examination surveys and epidemiological studies with 960 country-years and 9??1 million participants, The Lancet, vol.377, issue.9765, pp.557-567, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62037-5

A. Must, J. Spadano, E. Coakley, A. Field, G. Colditz et al., The Disease Burden Associated With Overweight and Obesity, JAMA, vol.282, issue.16, pp.1523-1529, 1999.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.282.16.1523

A. Comuzzie and D. Allison, The Search for Human Obesity Genes, Science, vol.280, issue.5368, pp.1374-1377, 1998.
DOI : 10.1126/science.280.5368.1374

K. Booth, M. Pinkston, and W. Poston, Obesity and the Built Environment, Journal of the American Dietetic Association, vol.105, issue.5, pp.110-117, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jada.2005.02.045

B. Swinburn, G. Egger, and F. Raza, Dissecting Obesogenic Environments: The Development and Application of a Framework for Identifying and Prioritizing Environmental Interventions for Obesity, Preventive Medicine, vol.29, issue.6, pp.563-570, 1999.
DOI : 10.1006/pmed.1999.0585

G. Egger and B. Swinburn, An "ecological" approach to the obesity pandemic, BMJ, vol.315, issue.7106, pp.477-480, 1997.
DOI : 10.1136/bmj.315.7106.477

M. Papas, A. Alberg, R. Ewing, K. Helzlsouer, T. Gary et al., The Built Environment and Obesity, Epidemiologic Reviews, vol.29, issue.1, pp.129-143, 2007.
DOI : 10.1093/epirev/mxm009

A. O. Ferdinand, B. Sen, S. Rahurkar, S. Engler, and N. Menachemi, The Relationship Between Built Environments and Physical Activity: A Systematic Review, American Journal of Public Health, vol.102, issue.10
DOI : 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300740

J. Feng, T. Glass, F. Curriero, W. Stewart, and B. Schwartz, The built environment and obesity: a systematic review of the epidemiologic evidence. Heal Place, pp.175-190, 2010.

C. Durand, M. Andalib, G. Dunton, J. Wolch, and M. Pentz, A systematic review of built environment factors related to physical activity and obesity risk: implications for smart growth urban planning, Obesity Reviews, vol.42, issue.5, pp.173-182
DOI : 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2010.00826.x

J. Sallis, M. Floyd, D. Rodríguez, and B. Saelens, Role of Built Environments in Physical Activity, Obesity, and Cardiovascular Disease, Circulation, vol.125, issue.5, pp.729-737, 2012.
DOI : 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.969022

D. Ding and K. Gebel, Built environment, physical activity, and obesity: What have we learned from reviewing the literature?, Health & Place, vol.18, issue.1, pp.100-105, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.healthplace.2011.08.021

G. Grasser, V. Dyck, D. Titze, S. Stronegger, and W. , Objectively measured walkability and active transport and weight-related outcomes in adults: a systematic review, International Journal of Public Health, vol.69, issue.10, pp.615-625, 2013.
DOI : 10.1007/s00038-012-0435-0

N. Humpel, N. Owen, and E. Leslie, Environmental factors associated with adults' participation in physical activity A review, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, vol.22, issue.3, pp.188-199, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0749-3797(01)00426-3

B. Saelens and S. Handy, Built Environment Correlates of Walking, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol.40, issue.Supplement, pp.550-566, 2010.
DOI : 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31817c67a4

S. Fleischhacker, K. Evenson, and D. Rodriguez, A systematic review of fast food access studies, Obesity Reviews, vol.14, issue.5, pp.460-471, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2010.00715.x

J. Holsten, Obesity and the community food environment: a systematic review. Public Heal Nutr, pp.397-405, 2009.

C. Mallen, G. Peat, and P. Croft, Quality assessment of observational studies is not commonplace in systematic reviews, Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, vol.59, issue.8, pp.765-769, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2005.12.010

L. Lytle, Measuring the Food Environment, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, vol.36, issue.4, pp.134-144, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.amepre.2009.01.018

R. Brownson, C. Hoehner, K. Day, A. Forsyth, and J. Sallis, Measuring the Built Environment for Physical Activity, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, vol.36, issue.4, pp.99-123, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.amepre.2009.01.005

K. Kirtland, D. Porter, C. Addy, and A. E. , Environmental measures of physical activity supports, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, vol.24, issue.4, pp.323-331, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0749-3797(03)00021-7

B. Kweon, C. Ellis, S. Lee, and A. E. , Large-Scale Environmental Knowledge: Investigating the Relationship Between Self-Reported and Objectively Measured Physical Environments, Environment and Behavior, vol.38, issue.1, pp.72-91, 2006.
DOI : 10.1177/0013916505280092

B. Thomas, D. Ciliska, M. Dobbins, and S. Micucci, A Process for Systematically Reviewing the Literature: Providing the Research Evidence for Public Health Nursing Interventions, Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing, vol.28, issue.2, pp.176-184, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S0749-3797(99)00124-5

J. Deeks, J. Dinnes, D. Amico, R. Sowden, A. Sakarovitch et al., Evaluating non-randomised intervention studies, Health Technology Assessment, vol.7, issue.27, pp.1-173, 2003.
DOI : 10.3310/hta7270
URL : http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/8742/

V. Elm, E. Altman, D. Egger, M. Pocock, S. Gotzsche et al., The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies, Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, vol.61, issue.4, pp.344-349, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2007.11.008

D. Stroup, J. Berlin, S. Morton, I. Olkin, D. Rennie et al., Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology<SUBTITLE>A Proposal for Reporting</SUBTITLE>, JAMA, vol.283, issue.15, pp.2008-2012, 2000.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.283.15.2008

D. Moher, D. Cook, S. Eastwood, I. Olkin, D. Rennie et al., Improving the quality of reports of meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials: the QUOROM statement, The Lancet, vol.354, issue.9193, pp.1896-1900, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(99)04149-5

M. Ahern, C. Brown, and S. Dukas, A National Study of the Association Between Food Environments and County-Level Health Outcomes, The Journal of Rural Health, vol.29, issue.3, pp.367-379
DOI : 10.1111/j.1748-0361.2011.00378.x

J. Black and J. Macinko, The changing distribution and determinants of obesity in the neighborhoods of, 2003.

J. Black, J. Macinko, L. Dixon, and G. Fryer, Neighborhoods and obesity in New York City, Health & Place, vol.16, issue.3, pp.489-499, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.healthplace.2009.12.007

J. Block, N. Christakis, O. Malley, A. Subramanian, and S. , Proximity to Food Establishments and Body Mass Index in the Framingham Heart Study Offspring Cohort Over 30 Years, American Journal of Epidemiology, vol.174, issue.10, pp.1108-1114, 2011.
DOI : 10.1093/aje/kwr244

T. Bodea, L. Garrow, M. Meyer, and C. Ross, Socio-demographic and built environment influences on the odds of being overweight or obese: The Atlanta experience. Transp Res Part a-Policy Pract, pp.430-444, 2009.

J. Bodor, J. Rice, T. Farley, C. Swalm, and D. Rose, The Association between Obesity and Urban Food Environments, Journal of Urban Health, vol.36, issue.4 Suppl, pp.771-781, 2010.
DOI : 10.1007/s11524-010-9460-6

B. Brown, I. Yamada, K. Smith, C. Zick, L. Kowaleski-jones et al., Mixed land use and walkability: Variations in land use measures and relationships with BMI, overweight, and obesity, Health & Place, vol.15, issue.4, pp.1130-1141, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.healthplace.2009.06.008

B. Brown, K. Smith, H. Hanson, J. Fan, L. Kowaleski-jones et al., Neighborhood Design for Walking and Biking, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, vol.44, issue.3, pp.231-238, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.amepre.2012.10.024

S. Casagrande, J. Gittelsohn, A. Zonderman, M. Evans, and T. Gary-webb, Association of Walkability With Obesity in Baltimore City, Maryland, American Journal of Public Health, vol.101, issue.S1, pp.318-324, 2011.
DOI : 10.2105/AJPH.2009.187492

S. Chen, R. Florax, and S. Snyder, Obesity and fast food in urban markets: a new approach using geo-referenced micro data, Health Economics, vol.44, issue.4, pp.835-856, 2012.
DOI : 10.1002/hec.2863

S. Doyle, A. Kelly-schwartz, M. Schlossberg, and J. Stockard, Active Community Environments and Health: The Relationship of Walkable and Safe Communities to Individual Health, Journal of the American Planning Association, vol.10, issue.1, pp.19-31, 2006.
DOI : 10.1525/sp.1985.32.3.03a00060

A. Drewnowski, A. Aggarwal, P. Hurvitz, P. Monsivais, and A. Moudon, Obesity and supermarket access: proximity or price? Am J Public Heal, pp.74-80, 2012.
DOI : 10.2105/ajph.2012.300660
URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3464835

J. Eid, H. Overman, D. Puga, and M. Turner, Fat city: Questioning the relationship between urban sprawl and obesity, Journal of Urban Economics, vol.63, issue.2, pp.385-404, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jue.2007.12.002

R. Ewing, T. Schmid, R. Killingsworth, A. Zlot, and S. Raudenbush, Relationship between urban sprawl and physical activity, obesity, and morbidity
DOI : 10.1007/978-0-387-73412-5_37

L. Frank, M. Andresen, and T. Schmid, Obesity relationships with community design, physical activity, and time spent in cars, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, vol.27, issue.2, pp.87-96, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.amepre.2004.04.011

L. Frank and S. Kavage, Urban Planning and Public Health, Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, vol.14, issue.3, pp.214-220, 2008.
DOI : 10.1097/01.PHH.0000316478.42264.a7

L. Frank, B. Saelens, K. Powell, and J. Chapman, Stepping towards causation: Do built environments or neighborhood and travel preferences explain physical activity, driving, and obesity?, Social Science & Medicine, vol.65, issue.9, pp.1898-1914, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.05.053

L. Frank, J. Sallis, T. Conway, J. Chapman, B. Saelens et al., Many Pathways from Land Use to Health: Associations between Neighborhood Walkability and Active Transportation, Body Mass Index, and Air Quality, Journal of the American Planning Association, vol.38, issue.1, pp.75-87, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.puhe.2004.02.007

L. Frank, J. Sallis, B. Saelens, L. Leary, K. Cain et al., The development of a walkability index: application to the Neighborhood Quality of Life Study, British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.44, issue.13, pp.924-933
DOI : 10.1136/bjsm.2009.058701

D. Gibson, The Neighborhood Food Environment and Adult Weight Status: Estimates From Longitudinal Data, American Journal of Public Health, vol.101, issue.1, pp.71-78, 2011.
DOI : 10.2105/AJPH.2009.187567

A. Hattori, R. An, and R. Sturm, Neighborhood food outlets, diet, and obesity among California adults, Prev Chronic Dis, vol.10, p.35, 2007.
DOI : 10.5888/pcd10.120123
URL : http://doi.org/10.5888/pcd10.120123

C. Hoehner, S. Handy, Y. Yan, S. Blair, and D. Berrigan, Association between neighborhood walkability, cardiorespiratory fitness and body-mass index, Social Science & Medicine, vol.73, issue.12, pp.1707-1716
DOI : 10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.09.032
URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3235686

P. Hutchinson, N. Bodor, J. Swalm, C. Rice, J. Rose et al., Neighbourhood food environments and obesity in southeast Louisiana, Health & Place, vol.18, issue.4, pp.854-860, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.healthplace.2012.03.006

S. Inagami, D. Cohen, A. Brown, and S. Asch, Body Mass Index, Neighborhood Fast Food and Restaurant Concentration, and Car Ownership, Journal of Urban Health, vol.19, issue.1, pp.683-695, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/s11524-009-9379-y
URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2729867

P. James, P. Troped, J. Hart, C. Joshu, G. Colditz et al., Urban Sprawl, Physical Activity, and Body Mass Index: Nurses??? Health Study and Nurses??? Health Study II, American Journal of Public Health, vol.103, issue.2, pp.369-375, 2012.
DOI : 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300449

R. Jeffery, J. Baxter, M. Mcguire, and J. Linde, Are fast food restaurants an environmental risk factor for obesity?, Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act, vol.3, issue.2, 2006.

S. Jilcott, J. Mcguirt, S. Imai, and K. Evenson, Measuring the Retail Food Environment in Rural and Urban North Carolina Counties, Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, vol.16, issue.5, pp.432-440
DOI : 10.1097/PHH.0b013e3181bdebe4

T. Keegan, S. Hurley, D. Goldberg, D. Nelson, P. Reynolds et al., The Association Between Neighborhood Characteristics and Body Size and Physical Activity in the California Teachers Study Cohort, American Journal of Public Health, vol.102, issue.4, pp.689-697, 2012.
DOI : 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300150

L. Lesser, F. Zimmerman, and D. Cohen, Outdoor advertising, obesity, and soda consumption: a cross-sectional study, BMC Public Health, vol.287, issue.1, p.20, 2013.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.287.22.2990

R. Lopez, Urban Sprawl and Risk for Being Overweight or Obese, American Journal of Public Health, vol.94, issue.9, pp.1574-1579, 2004.
DOI : 10.2105/AJPH.94.9.1574

R. Lopez, Neighborhood risk factors for obesity. Obes (Silver Spring), pp.2111-2119, 2007.

G. Lovasi, M. Hutson, M. Guerra, and K. Neckerman, Built Environments and Obesity in Disadvantaged Populations, Epidemiologic Reviews, vol.31, issue.1, pp.7-20, 2009.
DOI : 10.1093/epirev/mxp005

G. Lovasi, M. Bader, J. Quinn, K. Neckerman, C. Weiss et al., Body Mass Index, Safety Hazards, and Neighborhood Attractiveness, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, vol.43, issue.4, pp.378-384, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.amepre.2012.06.018
URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3593726

K. Mcdonald, J. Oakes, and A. Forsyth, Effect of street connectivity and density on adult BMI: results from the Twin Cities Walking Study, Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, vol.66, issue.7
DOI : 10.1136/jech.2010.122556

N. Mehta, . Msc, V. Chang, and M. P. , Weight Status and Restaurant Availability, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, vol.34, issue.2, pp.127-133, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.amepre.2007.09.031
URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2440344

L. Mobley, E. Root, E. Finkelstein, O. Khavjou, R. Farris et al., Environment, Obesity, and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Low-Income Women, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, vol.30, issue.4, pp.327-332, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.amepre.2005.12.001

K. Morland, D. Roux, A. Wing, and S. , Supermarkets, Other Food Stores, and Obesity, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, vol.30, issue.4, pp.333-339, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.amepre.2005.11.003
URL : http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/57754/1/Supermarkets%20other%20food%20stores%20and%20obesity.pdf

M. Oka, C. Link, and I. Kawachi, Area-Based Variations in Obesity Are More than a Function of the Food and Physical Activity Environment, Journal of Urban Health, vol.20, issue.3
DOI : 10.1007/s11524-012-9715-5

A. Plantinga and S. Bernell, THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN URBAN SPRAWL AND OBESITY: IS IT A TWO-WAY STREET?, Journal of Regional Science, vol.13, issue.5, pp.857-879, 2007.
DOI : 10.2307/1912934

A. Plantinga and S. Bernell, Can Urban Planning Reduce Obesity? The Role of Self-Selection in Explaining the Link between Weight and Urban Sprawl, Review of Agricultural Economics, vol.29, issue.3, pp.557-563, 2007.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1467-9353.2007.00370.x

A. Rundle, D. Roux, A. Free, L. Miller, D. Neckerman et al., The Urban Built Environment and Obesity in New York City: A Multilevel Analysis, American Journal of Health Promotion, vol.21, issue.4s, pp.326-334, 2007.
DOI : 10.4278/0890-1171-21.4s.326

A. Rundle, S. Field, Y. Park, L. Freeman, C. Weiss et al., Personal and neighborhood socioeconomic status and indices of neighborhood walk-ability predict body mass index in New York City, Social Science & Medicine, vol.67, issue.12, pp.1951-1959, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.09.036

A. Rundle, K. Neckerman, L. Freeman, G. Lovasi, M. Purciel et al., Neighborhood food environment and walkability predict obesity in New York City. Env Heal Perspect, pp.442-447, 2009.

A. Rundle, J. Quinn, G. Lovasi, M. Bader, P. Yousefzadeh et al., Associations Between Body Mass Index and Park Proximity, Size, Cleanliness, and Recreational Facilities, American Journal of Health Promotion, vol.117, issue.4, pp.262-271, 2013.
DOI : 10.1007/s11524-011-9551-z
URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3696994

J. Sallis, B. Saelens, L. Frank, T. Conway, D. Slymen et al., Neighborhood built environment and income: Examining multiple health outcomes, Social Science & Medicine, vol.68, issue.7, pp.1285-1293, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.01.017
URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3500640

A. Samimi, A. Mohammadian, and S. Madanizadeh, Effects of transportation and built environment on general health and obesity, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, vol.14, issue.1, pp.67-71, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.trd.2008.10.002

M. Scott, T. Dubowitz, and D. Cohen, Regional differences in walking frequency and BMI: What role does the built environment play for Blacks and Whites?, Health & Place, vol.15, issue.3, pp.897-902, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.healthplace.2009.02.010

K. Smith, B. Brown, I. Yamada, L. Kowaleski-jones, C. Zick et al., Walkability and Body Mass Index, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, vol.35, issue.3, pp.237-244, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.amepre.2008.05.028

K. Smith, C. Zick, L. Kowaleski-jones, B. Brown, J. Fan et al., Effects of neighborhood walkability on healthy weight: Assessing selection and causal influences, Social Science Research, vol.40, issue.5, pp.1445-1455, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2011.04.009

M. Wang, S. Kim, A. Gonzalez, K. Macleod, and M. Winkleby, Socioeconomic and food-related physical characteristics of the neighbourhood environment are associated with body mass index, Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, vol.61, issue.6, pp.491-499, 2007.
DOI : 10.1136/jech.2006.051680

S. West, K. Shores, and L. Mudd, Association of Available Parkland, Physical Activity, and Overweight in America's Largest Cities, pp.423-430, 2012.

I. Yamada, B. Brown, K. Smith, C. Zick, L. Kowaleski-jones et al., Mixed Land Use and Obesity: An Empirical Comparison of Alternative Land Use Measures and Geographic Scales, The Professional Geographer, vol.21, issue.4, pp.157-177, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.08.032

Z. Zhao and R. Kaestner, Effects of urban sprawl on obesity, Journal of Health Economics, vol.29, issue.6, pp.779-787, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2010.07.006

C. Zick, K. Smith, J. Fan, B. Brown, I. Yamada et al., Running to the Store? The relationship between neighborhood environments and the risk of obesity, Social Science & Medicine, vol.69, issue.10, pp.1493-1500, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.08.032

C. Zick, H. Hanson, J. Fan, K. Smith, L. Kowaleski-jones et al., Re-visiting the relationship between neighbourhood environment and BMI: an instrumental variables approach to correcting for residential selection bias, International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, vol.10, issue.1, p.27, 2013.
DOI : 10.1186/1479-5868-7-18

H. Bai, W. Stanis, S. Kaczynski, A. Besenyi, and G. , Perceptions of Neighborhood Park Quality: Associations with Physical Activity and Body Mass Index, Annals of Behavioral Medicine, vol.52, issue.S1, pp.45-84
DOI : 10.1007/s12160-012-9448-4

T. Catlin, E. Simoes, and R. Brownson, Environmental and Policy Factors Associated With Overweight Among Adults in Missouri, American Journal of Health Promotion, vol.17, issue.4, pp.249-258, 2003.
DOI : 10.4278/0890-1171-17.4.249

M. Mujahid, D. Roux, A. Shen, M. Gowda, D. Sanchez et al., Relation between Neighborhood Environments and Obesity in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, American Journal of Epidemiology, vol.167, issue.11, pp.1349-1357, 2008.
DOI : 10.1093/aje/kwn047

T. Powell-wiley, C. Ayers, J. De-lemos, S. Lakoski, G. Vega et al., Relationship between perceptions about neighborhood environment and prevalent obesity: data from the dallas heart study, Obesity, vol.17, issue.Suppl 2, pp.14-21, 2013.
DOI : 10.1002/oby.20012

D. Wilson, B. Ainsworth, and H. Bowles, Body mass index and environmental supports for physical activity among active and inactive residents of a U. S. Southeastern county., Health Psychology, vol.26, issue.6, pp.710-717, 2007.
DOI : 10.1037/0278-6133.26.6.710

J. Tilt, T. Unfried, and B. Roca, Using Objective and Subjective Measures of Neighborhood Greenness and Accessible Destinations for Understanding Walking Trips and BMI in Seattle, Washington, American Journal of Health Promotion, vol.21, issue.4s, pp.371-379, 2007.
DOI : 10.4278/0890-1171-21.4s.371

T. Boehmer, C. Hoehner, A. Deshpande, L. Brennan-ramirez, and R. Brownson, Perceived and observed neighborhood indicators of obesity among urban adults, International Journal of Obesity, vol.55, issue.6, pp.968-977, 2007.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803531

C. Rutt and K. Coleman, Examining the relationships among built environment, physical activity, and body mass index in El Paso, TX, Preventive Medicine, vol.40, issue.6, pp.831-841, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.09.035

R. Pendola and G. S. , BMI, auto use, and the urban environment in San Francisco, Health & Place, vol.13, issue.2, pp.551-557, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.healthplace.2006.02.004

C. Joshu, T. Boehmer, and R. Brownson, Ewing R: Personal, neighbourhood and urban factors associated with obesity in the United States

T. Berry, J. Spence, C. Blanchard, N. Cutumisu, J. Edwards et al., A longitudinal and cross-sectional examination of the relationship between reasons for choosing a neighbourhood, physical activity and body mass index, International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, vol.7, issue.1, p.57, 2010.
DOI : 10.1186/1479-5868-7-57

J. Spence, N. Cutumisu, J. Edwards, and K. Raine, Relation between local food environments and obesity among adults, BMC Public Health, vol.30, issue.1, p.192, 2009.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803168

T. Pouliou and S. Elliott, Individual and socio-environmental determinants of overweight and obesity in Urban Canada. Heal Place, pp.389-398, 2010.

S. Prince, E. Kristjansson, K. Russell, J. Billette, M. Sawada et al., Relationships Between Neighborhoods, Physical Activity, and Obesity: A Multilevel Analysis of a Large Canadian City, Obesity, vol.3, issue.10, pp.2093-100, 2012.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2007.00347.x

S. Prince, E. Kristjansson, K. Russell, J. Billette, M. Sawada et al., A Multilevel Analysis of Neighbourhood Built and Social Environments and Adult Self-Reported Physical Activity and Body Mass Index in Ottawa, Canada, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol.8, issue.12, pp.76003953-3978, 2011.
DOI : 10.3390/ijerph8103953

R. Brownson, C. Hoehner, K. Day, A. Forsyth, and J. Sallis, Measuring the Built Environment for Physical Activity, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, vol.36, issue.4, pp.99-123, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.amepre.2009.01.005

Y. Kestens, A. Lebel, B. Chaix, C. Clary, M. Daniel et al., Association between Activity Space Exposure to Food Establishments and Individual Risk of Overweight, PLoS ONE, vol.7, issue.8, p.41418, 2012.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0041418.t002

T. Berry, J. Spence, C. Blanchard, N. Cutumisu, J. Edwards et al., Changes in BMI over 6 years: the role of demographic and neighborhood characteristics, International Journal of Obesity, vol.2, issue.8, pp.1275-83, 2010.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2007.00347.x

F. Garden and B. Jalaludin, Impact of Urban Sprawl on Overweight, Obesity, and Physical Activity in Sydney, Australia, Journal of Urban Health, vol.38, issue.4, pp.19-30, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/s11524-008-9332-5

J. Pearce, R. Hiscock, T. Blakely, and K. Witten, A national study of the association between neighbourhood access to fast-food outlets and the diet and weight of local residents. Heal Place, pp.193-197, 2009.

E. Richardson, J. Pearce, R. Mitchell, and S. Kingham, Role of physical activity in the relationship between urban green space and health, Public Health, vol.127, issue.4, pp.318-342, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.puhe.2013.01.004

H. Christian, B. Giles-corti, M. Knuiman, A. Timperio, and S. Foster, The influence of the built environment, social environment and health behaviors on body mass index. Results from RESIDE, Preventive Medicine, vol.53, issue.1-2, p.57, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.05.004

K. Gebel, A. Bauman, T. Sugiyama, and N. Owen, Mismatch between perceived and objectively assessed neighborhood walkability attributes: Prospective relationships with walking and weight gain, Health & Place, vol.17, issue.2, pp.519-524, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.12.008

B. Giles-corti, S. Macintyre, J. Clarkson, T. Pikora, and R. Donovan, Environmental and Lifestyle Factors Associated With Overweight and Obesity in Perth, Australia, American Journal of Health Promotion, vol.18, issue.1, pp.93-102, 2003.
DOI : 10.4278/0890-1171-18.1.93

K. Ball, K. Lamb, N. Travaglini, and A. Ellaway, Street connectivity and obesity in Glasgow, Scotland: Impact of age, sex and socioeconomic position, Health & Place, vol.18, issue.6, pp.1307-1320, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.healthplace.2012.09.007

D. Van-dyck, E. Cerin, G. Cardon, B. Deforche, J. Sallis et al., de Bourdeaudhuij I: Physical activity as a mediator of the associations between neighborhood walkability and adiposity in Belgian adults. Heal Place, pp.952-960, 2010.

P. Santana, R. Santos, and H. Nogueira, The link between local environment and obesity: A multilevel analysis in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area, Portugal, Social Science & Medicine, vol.68, issue.4, pp.601-609, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.11.033

A. Ellaway, S. Macintyre, and X. Bonnefoy, Graffiti, greenery, and obesity in adults: secondary analysis of European cross sectional survey, BMJ, vol.331, issue.7517, pp.611-612, 2005.
DOI : 10.1136/bmj.38575.664549.F7

L. Macdonald, A. Ellaway, K. Ball, and S. Macintyre, Is proximity to a food retail store associated with diet and BMI in Glasgow, Scotland?, BMC Public Health, vol.35, issue.1, p.464, 2011.
DOI : 10.1093/ije/dyi276

C. Leal, K. Bean, and B. Chaix, Multicollinearity in Associations Between Multiple Environmental Features and Body Weight and Abdominal Fat: Using Matching Techniques to Assess Whether the Associations are Separable, American Journal of Epidemiology, vol.175, issue.11
DOI : 10.1093/aje/kwr434

T. Burgoine, S. Alvanides, and A. Lake, Assessing the obesogenic environment of North East England. Heal Place, pp.738-747, 2011.

E. Coombes, A. Jones, and M. Hillsdon, The relationship of physical activity and overweight to objectively measured green space accessibility and use, Social Science & Medicine, vol.70, issue.6, pp.816-822, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.11.020

S. Cummins and J. Fagg, Does greener mean thinner? Associations between neighbourhood greenspace and weight status among adults in England, International Journal of Obesity, vol.7, issue.8
DOI : 10.1161/01.ATV.0000205848.83210.73

W. Poortinga, Perceptions of the environment, physical activity, and obesity, Social Science & Medicine, vol.63, issue.11, pp.2835-2846, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.07.018

M. Toftager, O. Ekholm, J. Schipperijn, U. Stigsdotter, P. Bentsen et al., Distance to Green Space and Physical Activity: A Danish National Representative Survey, Journal of Physical Activity and Health, vol.8, issue.6, pp.741-749, 2011.
DOI : 10.1123/jpah.8.6.741

T. Nielsen and K. Hansen, Do green areas affect health? Results from a Danish survey on the use of green areas and health indicators, Health & Place, vol.13, issue.4, pp.839-850, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.healthplace.2007.02.001

B. Saelens, J. Sallis, J. Black, and D. Chen, Neighborhood-Based Differences in Physical Activity: An Environment Scale Evaluation, American Journal of Public Health, vol.93, issue.9, pp.1552-1560, 2003.
DOI : 10.2105/AJPH.93.9.1552

H. Spittaels, M. Verloigne, C. Gidlow, J. Gloanec, S. Titze et al., Measuring physical activity-related environmental factors: reliability and predictive validity of the European environmental questionnaire ALPHA, International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, vol.7, issue.1, p.48, 2010.
DOI : 10.1186/1479-5868-7-48
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00663740

F. Li, K. Fisher, R. Brownson, and M. Bosworth, Multilevel modelling of built environment characteristics related to neighbourhood walking activity in older adults, Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, vol.59, issue.7, pp.558-64, 2005.
DOI : 10.1136/jech.2004.028399

A. Alexander, P. Bergman, M. Hagstromer, and M. Sjostrom, IPAQ environmental module; reliability testing, Journal of Public Health, vol.36, issue.2S, pp.76-80, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/s10389-005-0016-2

S. Kremers, G. De-bruijn, T. Visscher, W. Van-mechelen, N. De-vries et al., Environmental influences on energy balance-related behaviors: a dual-process view, Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act, vol.3, 2006.

N. Tak, S. Velde, C. Kamphuis, K. Ball, D. Crawford et al., Associations between neighbourhood and household environmental variables and fruit consumption: exploration of mediation by individual cognitions and habit strength in the GLOBE study, Public Health Nutrition, vol.21, issue.03, pp.505-514, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jneb.2007.12.006

J. Lakerveld, J. Brug, S. Bot, P. Teixeira, H. Rutter et al., Sustainable prevention of obesity through integrated strategies: The SPOTLIGHT project???s conceptual framework and design, BMC Public Health, vol.299, issue.Suppl 1, p.793, 2012.
DOI : 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199571512.003.0012

R. Lopez and H. Hynes, Obesity, physical activity, and the urban environment: public health research needs, Environmental Health, vol.94, issue.4, p.25, 2006.
DOI : 10.2105/AJPH.94.4.541

B. Lee, S. Reardon, G. Firebaugh, C. Farrell, S. Matthews et al., Beyond the Census Tract: Patterns and Determinants of Racial Segregation at Multiple Geographic Scales, American Sociological Review, vol.95, issue.5, pp.766-791, 2008.
DOI : 10.1177/000312240807300504