R. Gobbens, K. Luijkx, M. Wijnen-sponselee, and J. Schols, In Search of an Integral Conceptual Definition of Frailty: Opinions of Experts, Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, vol.11, issue.5, pp.338-343, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jamda.2009.09.015

J. Avila-funes, C. Helmer, and H. Amieva, Frailty Among Community-Dwelling Elderly People in France: The Three-City Study, The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, vol.63, issue.10, pp.1089-1096, 2008.
DOI : 10.1093/gerona/63.10.1089
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00336493

K. Bandeen-roche, Q. Xue, and L. Ferrucci, Phenotype of Frailty: Characterization in the Women's Health and Aging Studies, The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, vol.61, issue.3, pp.262-266, 2006.
DOI : 10.1093/gerona/61.3.262

K. Ensrud, S. Ewing, and B. Taylor, Frailty and Risk of Falls, Fracture, and Mortality in Older Women: The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures, The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, vol.62, issue.7, pp.744-751, 2007.
DOI : 10.1093/gerona/62.7.744

K. Bouillon, S. Sabia, and M. Jokela, Validating a widely used measure of frailty: are all sub-components necessary? Evidence from the Whitehall II cohort study, AGE, vol.22, issue.4, 2012.
DOI : 10.1007/s11357-012-9446-2
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-01147297

T. Gill, E. Gahbauer, L. Han, and H. Allore, Trajectories of Disability in the Last Year of Life, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.362, issue.13, pp.1173-1180, 2010.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa0909087

R. Gobbens, M. Van-assen, and K. Luijkx, Determinants of Frailty, Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, vol.11, issue.5, pp.356-364, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jamda.2009.11.008

J. Morley, Diabetes, Sarcopenia, and Frailty, Clinics in Geriatric Medicine, vol.24, issue.3, pp.455-69, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cger.2008.03.004

R. Hubbard, I. Lang, D. Llewellyn, and K. Rockwood, Frailty, Body Mass Index, and Abdominal Obesity in Older People, The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, vol.65, issue.4, pp.377-381, 2010.
DOI : 10.1093/gerona/glp186

F. Landi, A. Russo, and M. Cesari, HDL-cholesterol and physical performance: results from the ageing and longevity study in the sirente geographic area (ilSIRENTE Study), Age and Ageing, vol.36, issue.5, pp.514-520, 2007.
DOI : 10.1093/ageing/afm105

J. Lee, T. Auyeung, and J. Leung, Physical frailty in older adults is associated with metabolic and atherosclerotic risk factors and cognitive impairment independent of muscle mass, The journal of nutrition, health & aging, vol.109, issue.14, pp.857-862, 2011.
DOI : 10.1007/s12603-011-0134-1

R. Hubbard, S. Searle, A. Mitnitski, and K. Rockwood, Effect of smoking on the accumulation of deficits, frailty and survival in older adults: A secondary analysis from the Canadian study of health and aging, The Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging, vol.62, issue.3Suppl, pp.468-472, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/s12603-009-0085-y

P. Wilson, J. Meigs, and L. Sullivan, Prediction of Incident Diabetes Mellitus in Middle-aged Adults, Archives of Internal Medicine, vol.167, issue.10, pp.1068-1074, 2007.
DOI : 10.1001/archinte.167.10.1068

S. Griffin, P. Little, and C. Hales, Diabetes risk score: towards earlier detection of Type 2 diabetes in general practice, Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews, vol.301, issue.3, pp.164-171, 2000.
DOI : 10.1002/1520-7560(200005/06)16:3<164::AID-DMRR103>3.0.CO;2-R

J. Lindstrom and J. Tuomilehto, The Diabetes Risk Score: A practical tool to predict type 2 diabetes risk, Diabetes Care, vol.26, issue.3, pp.725-731, 2003.
DOI : 10.2337/diacare.26.3.725

E. Brunner, M. Marmot, and K. Nanchahal, Social inequality in coronary risk: Central obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Evidence from the Whitehall II study, Diabetologia, vol.35, issue.Suppl IV, pp.1341-1349, 1997.
DOI : 10.1007/s001250050830

M. Marmot and E. Brunner, Cohort Profile: The Whitehall II study, International Journal of Epidemiology, vol.34, issue.2, pp.251-256, 2005.
DOI : 10.1093/ije/dyh372

P. Kopelman, Obesity as a medical problem, Nature, vol.404, pp.635-643, 2000.

L. Fried, C. Tangen, and J. Walston, Frailty in Older Adults: Evidence for a Phenotype, The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, vol.56, issue.3, pp.146-156, 2001.
DOI : 10.1093/gerona/56.3.M146

L. Radloff, C. The, and . Scale, The CES-D Scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population, Applied Psychological Measurement, vol.1, issue.3, pp.385-401, 1977.
DOI : 10.1177/014662167700100306

A. Singh-manoux, M. Hillsdon, E. Brunner, and M. Marmot, Effects of Physical Activity on Cognitive Functioning in Middle Age: Evidence From the Whitehall II Prospective Cohort Study, American Journal of Public Health, vol.95, issue.12, pp.2252-2258, 2005.
DOI : 10.2105/AJPH.2004.055574
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-01155214

B. Ainsworth, W. Haskell, and A. Leon, Compendium of Physical Activities: classification of energy costs of human physical activities, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol.25, issue.1, pp.71-80, 1993.
DOI : 10.1249/00005768-199301000-00011

C. Boyd, Q. Xue, and C. Simpson, Frailty, hospitalization, and progression of disability in a cohort of disabled older women, The American Journal of Medicine, vol.118, issue.11, pp.1225-1231, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.01.062

I. White, P. Royston, and A. Wood, Multiple imputation using chained equations: Issues and guidance for practice, Statistics in Medicine, vol.26, issue.3, pp.377-399, 2011.
DOI : 10.1002/sim.4067

T. Raghunathan, P. Solenberger, and J. Van-hoewyk, IVEware: Imputation and Variance Estimation Software User Guide, 2002.

M. Gonen, Analyzing Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves using SAS, 2007.

K. Rockwood, What would make a definition of frailty successful?, Age and Ageing, vol.34, issue.5, pp.432-434, 2005.
DOI : 10.1093/ageing/afi146

W. Evans, Skeletal muscle loss: cachexia, sarcopenia, and inactivity, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol.91, issue.4, pp.1123-1127, 2010.
DOI : 10.3945/ajcn.2010.28608A

B. Frei, Ascorbic acid protects lipids in human plasma and low-density lipoprotein against oxidative damage, Am J Clin Nutr, vol.54, pp.1113-1118, 1991.

P. Reaven and J. Witztum, Oxidized Low Density Lipoproteins in Atherogenesis: Role of Dietary Modification, Annual Review of Nutrition, vol.16, issue.1, pp.51-71, 1996.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.nu.16.070196.000411

A. Newman, J. Gottdiener, and M. Mcburnie, Associations of Subclinical Cardiovascular Disease With Frailty, The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, vol.56, issue.3, pp.158-166, 2001.
DOI : 10.1093/gerona/56.3.M158

J. Genkinger, E. Platz, and S. Hoffman, Fruit, Vegetable, and Antioxidant Intake and All-Cause, Cancer, and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality in a Community-dwelling Population in Washington County, Maryland, American Journal of Epidemiology, vol.160, issue.12, pp.1223-1233, 2004.
DOI : 10.1093/aje/kwh339

S. Steinhubl, Why Have Antioxidants Failed in Clinical Trials?, The American Journal of Cardiology, vol.101, issue.10, pp.14-19, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.02.003

P. Mirmiran, N. Noori, M. Zavareh, and F. Azizi, Fruit and vegetable consumption and risk factors for cardiovascular disease, Metabolism, vol.58, issue.4, pp.460-468, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.metabol.2008.11.002

C. Wang, X. Song, and A. Mitnitski, Gender Differences in the Relationship Between Smoking and Frailty: Results From the Beijing Longitudinal Study of Aging, The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, vol.68, issue.3, 2012.
DOI : 10.1093/gerona/gls166

W. Strawbridge, S. Shema, and J. Balfour, Antecedents of Frailty Over Three Decades in an Older Cohort, The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, vol.53, issue.1, pp.9-16, 1998.
DOI : 10.1093/geronb/53B.1.S9

S. Sabia, M. Marmot, C. Dufouil, and A. Singh-manoux, Smoking History and Cognitive Function in Middle Age From the Whitehall II Study, Archives of Internal Medicine, vol.168, issue.11, pp.1165-1173, 2008.
DOI : 10.1001/archinte.168.11.1165
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00291578

S. Sternberg, W. Schwartz, A. Karunananthan, and S. , The Identification of Frailty: A Systematic Literature Review, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, vol.54, issue.Suppl 2, pp.2129-2138, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03597.x

A. Tabak, C. Herder, and W. Rathmann, Prediabetes: a high-risk state for diabetes development, The Lancet, vol.379, issue.9833, pp.2279-2290, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60283-9