A. Dondorp, F. Nosten, K. Stepniewska, N. Day, and N. White, South-East Asian Quinine Artesunate Malaria Trial (SEAQUAMAT) group: Artesunate versus quinine for treatment of severe falciparum malaria: a randomised trial, Lancet, vol.366, pp.717-735, 2005.

A. Dondorp, C. Fanello, I. Hendriksen, E. Gomes, A. Seni et al., Artesunate versus quinine in the treatment of severe falciparum malaria in African children (AQUAMAT): an open-label, randomised trial, The Lancet, vol.376, issue.9753, pp.1647-1657, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61924-1

T. Chongsuphajaisiddhi, A. Sabchareon, and P. Attanath, Treatment of quinine resistant falciparum malaria in Thai children, Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, vol.14, pp.357-362, 1983.

S. Pukrittayakamee, W. Supanaranond, S. Looareesuwan, S. Vanijanonta, and N. White, Quinine in severe falciparum malaria: evidence of declining efficacy in Thailand, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, vol.88, issue.3, pp.324-327, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0035-9203(94)90102-3

T. Harinasuta, D. Bunnag, and R. Lasserre, Quinine resistant falciparum malaria treated with mefloquine, Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, vol.21, pp.552-557, 1990.

M. Zalis, L. Pang, M. Silveira, W. Milhous, and D. Wirth, Characterization of Plasmodium falciparum isolated from the Amazon region of Brazil: evidence for quinine resistance, Am J Trop Med Hyg, vol.58, pp.630-637, 1998.

T. Jelinek, P. Schelbert, T. Loscher, and D. Eichenlaub, Quinine resistant falciparum malaria acquired in east Africa, Trop Med Parasitol, vol.46, pp.38-40, 1995.

F. Palmieri, N. Petrosillo, M. Paglia, A. Conte, D. Goletti et al., Genetic Confirmation of Quinine-Resistant Plasmodium falciparum Malaria Followed by Postmalaria Neurological Syndrome in a Traveler from Mozambique, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol.42, issue.11, pp.5424-5426, 2004.
DOI : 10.1128/JCM.42.11.5424-5426.2004

S. Hawley, P. Bray, M. Mungthin, J. Atkinson, O. Neill et al., Relationship between antimalarial drug activity, accumulation, and inhibition of heme polymerization in Plasmodium falciparum in vitro, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, vol.42, pp.682-686, 1998.

M. Reed, K. Saliba, S. Caruana, K. Kirk, and A. Cowman, Pgh1 modulates sensitivity and resistance to multiple antimalarials in Plasmodium falciparum, Nature, vol.403, pp.906-909, 2000.

R. Cooper, K. Lane, B. Deng, J. Mu, J. Patel et al., Mutations in transmembrane domains 1, 4 and 9 of the Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter alter susceptibility to chloroquine, quinine and quinidine, Molecular Microbiology, vol.93, issue.1, pp.270-282, 2007.
DOI : 10.1021/bi049137i

J. Mu, M. Ferdig, X. Feng, D. Joy, J. Duan et al., Multiple transporters associated with malaria parasite responses to chloroquine and quinine, Molecular Microbiology, vol.21, issue.Suppl. 1, pp.977-989, 2003.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03627.x

D. Raj, J. Mu, H. Jiang, J. Kabat, S. Sing et al., Disruption of a Plasmodium falciparum Multidrug Resistance-associated Protein (PfMRP) Alters Its Fitness and Transport of Antimalarial Drugs and Glutathione, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.284, issue.12, pp.7687-7696, 2009.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M806944200

M. Ferdig, R. Cooper, J. Mu, B. Deng, D. Joy et al., Dissecting the loci of low-level quinine resistance in malaria parasites, Molecular Microbiology, vol.58, issue.4, pp.985-997, 2004.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04035.x

M. Henry, S. Briolant, A. Zettor, S. Pelleau, M. Baragatti et al., Plasmodium falciparum Na+/H+ Exchanger 1 Transporter Is Involved in Reduced Susceptibility to Quinine, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.53, issue.5, pp.1926-1930, 2009.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.01243-08

B. Pradines, T. Pistone, K. Ezzedine, S. Briolant, L. Bertaux et al., Quinine-Resistant Malaria in Traveler Returning from Senegal, 2007, Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol.16, issue.3, pp.546-548, 2007.
DOI : 10.3201/eid1603.091669

URL : http://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.091669

V. Sinou, Q. Le, H. Pelleau, S. Huong, V. Huong et al., Polymorphism of Plasmodium falciparum Na+/H+ exchanger is indicative of a low in vitro quinine susceptibility in isolates from Viet Nam, Malaria Journal, vol.10, issue.1, p.164, 2011.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.01304-09

H. Meng, R. Zhang, H. Yang, Q. Fan, X. Su et al., In Vitro Sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum Clinical Isolates from the China-Myanmar Border Area to Quinine and Association with Polymorphism in the Na+/H+ Exchanger, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.54, issue.10, pp.4306-4313, 2010.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.00321-10

S. Pelleau, L. Bertaux, S. Briolant, M. Ferdig, V. Sinou et al., Differential Association of Plasmodium falciparum Na+/H+ Exchanger Polymorphism and Quinine Responses in Field- and Culture-Adapted Isolates of Plasmodium falciparum, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.55, issue.12, pp.5834-5841, 2011.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.00477-11

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00836171

J. Okombo, S. Kiara, J. Rono, L. Mwai, L. Pole et al., In Vitro Activities of Quinine and Other Antimalarials and pfnhe Polymorphisms in Plasmodium Isolates from Kenya, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.54, issue.8, pp.3302-3307, 2010.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.00325-10

F. Baliraine, S. Nsobya, J. Achan, J. Tibenderama, A. Talisuna et al., Limited Ability of Plasmodium falciparum pfcrt, pfmdr1, and pfnhe1 Polymorphisms To Predict Quinine In Vitro Sensitivity or Clinical Effectiveness in Uganda, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.55, issue.2, pp.615-622, 2011.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.00954-10

V. Andriantsoanirina, D. Menard, S. Rabearimanana, V. Hubert, C. Bouchier et al., Association of Microsatellite Variations of Plasmodium falciparum Na+/H+ Exchanger (Pfnhe-1) Gene with Reduced In Vitro Susceptibility to Quinine: Lack of Confirmation in Clinical Isolates from Africa, American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, vol.82, issue.5, pp.782-787, 2010.
DOI : 10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0327

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00557032

S. Briolant, S. Pelleau, H. Bogreau, P. Hovette, A. Zettor et al., In vitro susceptibility to quinine and microsatellite variations of the Plasmodium falciparum Na+/H+ exchanger (Pfnhe-1) gene: the absence of association in clinical isolates from the Republic of Congo, Malaria Journal, vol.10, issue.1, p.37, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2009.01.011

T. Poyomtip, N. Suwandittakul, N. Sitthichot, R. Khositnithikul, P. Tan-ariya et al., Polymorphisms of the pfmdr1 but not the pfnhe-1 gene is associated with in vitro quinine sensitivity in Thai isolates of Plasmodium falciparum, Malaria Journal, vol.11, issue.1, 2012.
DOI : 10.1186/1475-2875-11-7

B. Fall, S. Diawara, K. Sow, E. Baret, B. Diatta et al., Ex vivo susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Dakar, Senegal, to seven standard anti-malarial drugs, Malaria Journal, vol.10, issue.1, p.310, 2011.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.45.6.1746-1750.2001

N. Wurtz, B. Fall, A. Pascual, S. Diawara, K. Sow et al., Prevalence of molecular markers of Plasmodium falciparum drug resistance in Dakar, Senegal, Malaria Journal, vol.11, issue.1, p.197, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.pt.2007.09.008

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00836693

C. Lambros and J. Vanderberg, Synchronization of Plasmodium falciparum Erythrocytic Stages in Culture, The Journal of Parasitology, vol.65, issue.3, pp.418-420, 1979.
DOI : 10.2307/3280287

H. Bogreau, F. Renaud, H. Bouchiba, P. Durand, S. Assi et al., Genetic diversity and structure of African Plasmodium falciparum populations in urban and rural areas, Am J Trop Med Hyg, vol.74, pp.953-959, 2006.

M. Henry, I. Diallo, J. Bordes, S. Ka, B. Pradines et al., Urban malaria in Dakar, Senegal: chemosusceptibility and genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum isolates, Am J Trop Med Hyg, vol.75, pp.146-151, 2006.

A. Pascual, L. Basco, E. Baret, R. Amalvict, D. Travers et al., Use of the atmospheric generators for capnophilic bacteria Genbag-CO2 for the evaluation of in vitro Plasmodium falciparum susceptibility to standard anti-malarial drugs, Malaria Journal, vol.10, issue.1, p.8, 2011.
DOI : 10.1186/1475-2875-10-8

H. Kaddouri, S. Nakache, S. Houzé, F. Mentré, L. Bras et al., Assessment of the Drug Susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum Clinical Isolates from Africa by Using a Plasmodium Lactate Dehydrogenase Immunodetection Assay and an Inhibitory Maximum Effect Model for Precise Measurement of the 50-Percent Inhibitory Concentration, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.50, issue.10, pp.3343-3349, 2006.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.00367-06

L. Nagard, H. Vincent, C. Mentré, F. , L. Bras et al., Online analysis of in vitro resistance to antimalarial drugs through nonlinear regression, Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, vol.104, issue.1, pp.10-18, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cmpb.2010.08.003

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00521869

O. Brandicourt, P. Druilhe, F. Diouf, P. Brasseur, P. Turk et al., Decreased sensitivity to chloroquine and quinine of some Plasmodium falciparum strains from Senegal in september 1984, Am J Trop Med Hyg, vol.35, pp.717-721, 1986.

B. Pradines, A. Tall, D. Parzy, A. Spiegel, T. Fusai et al., In-vitro activity of pyronaridine and amodiaquine against African isolates (Senegal) of Plasmodium falciparum in comparison with standard antimalarial agents., Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol.42, issue.3, pp.333-339, 1998.
DOI : 10.1093/jac/42.3.333

P. Parola, B. Pradines, F. Simon, M. Carlotti, P. Minodier et al., Antimalarial drug susceptibility and point mutations associated with resistance in 248

C. Sibley, K. Barnes, and C. Plowe, The rationale and plan for creating a World Antimalarial Resistance Network (WARN), Malaria Journal, vol.6, issue.1, p.118, 2007.
DOI : 10.1186/1475-2875-6-118

C. Sibley, K. Barnes, W. Watkins, and C. Plowe, A network to monitor antimalarial drug resistance: a plan for moving forward, Trends in Parasitology, vol.24, issue.1, pp.43-48, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.pt.2007.09.008

V. Andriantsoanirina, N. Khim, A. Ratsimbasoa, B. Witkowsky, C. Benedet et al., Plasmodium falciparum Na+/H+ Exchanger (pfnhe-1) Genetic Polymorphism in Indian Ocean Malaria-Endemic Areas, American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, vol.88, issue.1, pp.37-42, 2013.
DOI : 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.12-0359

S. Vinayak, T. Alam, M. Upadhyay, M. Das, M. Dev et al., Extensive Genetic Diversity in the Plasmodium falciparum Na+/H+ Exchanger 1 Transporter Protein Implicated in Quinine Resistance, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.51, issue.12, pp.4508-4511, 2007.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.00317-07

A. Kone, J. Mu, H. Maiga, A. Beavoqui, O. Yattara et al., Quinine Treatment Selects the pfnhe-1 ms4760-1 Polymorphism in Malian Patients with Falciparum Malaria, Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.207, issue.3, pp.520-527, 2013.
DOI : 10.1093/infdis/jis691

J. Wootton, X. Feng, M. Ferdig, R. Cooper, J. Mu et al., Genetic diversity and chloroquine selective sweeps in Plasmodium falciparum, Nature, vol.91, issue.6895, pp.320-323, 2002.
DOI : 10.1086/320707

L. Nkrumah, P. Riegelhaupt, P. Moura, D. Johnson, J. Patel et al., Probing the multifactorial basis of Plasmodium falciparum quinine resistance: Evidence for a strain-specific contribution of the sodium-proton exchanger PfNHE, Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, vol.165, issue.2, pp.122-131, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2009.01.011

L. Bertaux, P. Kraemer, N. Taudon, A. Trignol, M. Martelloni et al., Quinine-Resistant Malaria in Traveler Returning from French Guiana, 2010, Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol.17, issue.5, pp.943-945, 2010.
DOI : 10.3201/eid1705.101424