G. Heidelberg, 3 Section of Epidemiology The Netherlands, 4 National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 Bilthoven

. Utrecht, The Netherlands. 6 Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, vol.3508, 2100.

I. Torino, UK. 16 Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK. 17 Cancer Epidemiology Unit, 18 WHO Collaborating Center for Food and Nutrition Policies, p.11527, 1920.

T. Utrecht and . Netherlands, 0317 Oslo, Norway. 26 Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of, 08907 Barcelona, Spain. 27 Andalusian School of Public Health, 18080 Granada, Spain. 28 Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública- CIBERESP), Spain. 29 Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, 30008 Murcia, Spain. 30 Public Health Directorate Asturias, p.33006

D. Mozaffarian, R. Micha, and S. Wallace, Effects on Coronary Heart Disease of Increasing Polyunsaturated Fat in Place of Saturated Fat: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials, PLoS Medicine, vol.6, issue.3, p.1000252, 2010.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000252.s004

S. Bingham, R. Hughes, and A. Cross, Effect of white versus red meat on endogenous N-nitrosation in the human colon and further evidence of a dose response, J Nutr, vol.132, pp.3522-3525, 2002.

A. Joosen, G. Kuhnle, S. Aspinall, T. Barrow, E. Lecommandeur et al., Effect of processed and red meat on endogenous nitrosation and DNA damage, Carcinogenesis, vol.30, issue.8, pp.1402-1407, 2009.
DOI : 10.1093/carcin/bgp130

D. Hebels, K. Sveje, M. De-kok, M. Van-herwijnen, G. Kuhnle et al., N-nitroso compound exposure-associated transcriptomic profiles are indicative of an increased risk for colorectal cancer, Cancer Letters, vol.309, issue.1, pp.1-10, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.05.007

A. Pan, Q. Sun, A. Bernstein, M. Schulze, J. Manson et al., Red meat consumption and mortality: results from 2 prospective cohort studies, Arch Intern Med, vol.172, pp.555-563, 2012.

M. Nagao, H. Iso, K. Yamagishi, C. Date, and A. Tamakoshi, Meat consumption in relation to mortality from cardiovascular disease among Japanese men and women, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol.221, issue.6, pp.687-693, 2012.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.76.7.3511

R. Sinha, A. Cross, B. Graubard, and M. Leitzmann, Meat Intake and Mortality, Archives of Internal Medicine, vol.169, issue.6, pp.562-571, 2009.
DOI : 10.1001/archinternmed.2009.6

URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2803089

T. Key, P. Appleby, E. Spencer, R. Travis, A. Roddam et al., Mortality in British vegetarians: results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Oxford), American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol.89, issue.5, pp.1613-1619, 2009.
DOI : 10.3945/ajcn.2009.26736L

A. Trichopoulou, C. Bamia, and D. Trichopoulos, Anatomy of health effects of Mediterranean diet: Greek EPIC prospective cohort study, BMJ, vol.338, issue.jun23 2, p.2337, 2009.
DOI : 10.1136/bmj.b2337

J. Chang-claude, S. Hermann, U. Eilber, and K. Steindorf, Lifestyle Determinants and Mortality in German Vegetarians and Health-Conscious Persons: Results of a 21-Year Follow-up, Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention, vol.14, issue.4, pp.963-968, 2005.
DOI : 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-04-0696

L. Kelemen, L. Kushi, D. Jacobs, . Jr, and J. Cerhan, Associations of Dietary Protein with Disease and Mortality in a Prospective Study of Postmenopausal Women, American Journal of Epidemiology, vol.161, issue.3, pp.239-249, 2005.
DOI : 10.1093/aje/kwi038

P. Appleby, T. Key, M. Thorogood, M. Burr, and J. Mann, Mortality in British vegetarians, Public Health Nutrition, vol.70, issue.01, pp.29-36, 2002.
DOI : 10.1159/000110296

C. Fortes, F. Forastiere, S. Farchi, E. Rapiti, G. Pastori et al., Diet and Overall Survival in a Cohort of Very Elderly People, Epidemiology, vol.11, issue.4, pp.440-445, 2000.
DOI : 10.1097/00001648-200007000-00013

D. Whiteman, J. Muir, L. Jones, M. Murphy, and T. Key, Dietary questions as determinants of mortality: the OXCHECK experience, Public Health Nutrition, vol.89, issue.04, pp.477-487, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/0021-9681(79)90012-2

G. Fraser, Associations between diet and cancer, ischemic heart disease, and all-cause mortality in non-Hispanic white California Seventh-day Adventists, Am J Clin Nutr, vol.70, pp.532-538, 1999.

H. Kahn, R. Phillips, D. Snowdon, and W. Choi, ASSOCIATION BETWEEN REPORTED DIET AND ALL-CAUSE MORTALITY, American Journal of Epidemiology, vol.119, issue.5, pp.775-787, 1984.
DOI : 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113798

E. Riboli, K. Hunt, N. Slimani, P. Ferrari, T. Norat et al., European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC): study populations and data collection, European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC): study populations and data collection, pp.1113-1124, 2002.
DOI : 10.1093/ije/26.suppl_1.S1

M. Haftenberger, P. Lahmann, S. Panico, C. Gonzalez, J. Seidell et al., Overweight, obesity and fat distribution in 50-to 64-year-old participants in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) Public Health Nutr, pp.1147-1162, 2002.

H. Heinzl and A. Kaider, Gaining more flexibility in Cox proportional hazards regression models with cubic spline functions, Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, vol.54, issue.3, pp.201-208, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0169-2607(97)00043-6

K. Steenland and J. Deddens, A Practical Guide to Dose-Response Analyses and Risk Assessment in Occupational Epidemiology, Epidemiology, vol.15, issue.1, pp.63-70, 2004.
DOI : 10.1097/01.ede.0000100287.45004.e7

J. Linseisen, S. Rohrmann, A. Miller, H. Bueno-de-mesquita, F. Büchner et al., Fruit and vegetable consumption and lung cancer risk: Updated information from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC), International Journal of Cancer, vol.5, issue.5, pp.1103-1114, 2007.
DOI : 10.1002/ijc.22807

N. Wareham, R. Jakes, K. Rennie, J. Schuit, J. Mitchell et al., Validity and repeatability of a simple index derived from the short physical activity questionnaire used in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. Public Health Nutr, pp.407-413, 2003.

N. Slimani, R. Kaaks, P. Ferrari, C. Casagrande, F. Clavel-chapelon et al., European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) calibration study: rationale, design and population characteristics, European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) calibration study: rationale, design and population characteristics, pp.1125-1145, 2002.
DOI : 10.1079/PHN2002406

N. Slimani, P. Ferrari, M. Ocké, A. Welch, H. Boeing et al., Standardization of the 24-hour diet recall calibration method used in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC): general concepts and preliminary results, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol.54, issue.12, pp.900-917, 2000.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601107

P. Ferrari, N. Day, H. Boshuizen, A. Roddam, K. Hoffmann et al., The evaluation of the diet/disease relation in the EPIC study: considerations for the calibration and the disease models, International Journal of Epidemiology, vol.37, issue.2, pp.368-378, 2008.
DOI : 10.1093/ije/dym242

S. Rosthoj, P. Andersen, and S. Abildstrom, SAS macros for estimation of the cumulative incidence functions based on a Cox regression model for competing risks survival data, Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, vol.74, issue.1, pp.69-75, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S0169-2607(03)00069-5

D. Spiegelman, E. Hertzmark, and H. Wand, Point and interval estimates of partial population attributable risks in cohort studies: examples and software, Cancer Causes & Control, vol.37, issue.2, pp.571-579, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/s10552-006-0090-y

H. Mesquita, P. Peeters, D. Engeset, E. Lund, G. Skeie et al., Meat, fish, and colorectal cancer risk: the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition, J Natl Cancer Inst, vol.97, pp.906-916, 2005.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00123284

R. Kaaks, N. Slimani, and E. Riboli, Pilot phase studies on the accuracy of dietary intake measurements in the EPIC project: overall evaluation of results. European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition, International Journal of Epidemiology, vol.26, issue.90001, pp.26-36, 1997.
DOI : 10.1093/ije/26.suppl_1.S26

P. Ferrari, R. Kaaks, M. Fahey, N. Slimani, N. Day et al., Within- and Between-Cohort Variation in Measured Macronutrient Intakes, Taking Account of Measurement Errors, in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition Study, American Journal of Epidemiology, vol.160, issue.8, pp.814-822, 2004.
DOI : 10.1093/aje/kwh280

R. Kaaks and E. Riboli, Validation and calibration of dietary intake measurements in the EPIC project: methodological considerations. European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition, International Journal of Epidemiology, vol.26, issue.90001, pp.15-25, 1997.
DOI : 10.1093/ije/26.suppl_1.S15

N. Day, N. Mckeown, M. Wong, A. Welch, and S. Bingham, Epidemiological assessment of diet: a comparison of a 7-day diary with a food frequency questionnaire using urinary markers of nitrogen, potassium and sodium, International Journal of Epidemiology, vol.30, issue.2
DOI : 10.1093/ije/30.2.309

V. Kipnis, D. Midthune, L. Freedman, S. Bingham, A. Schatzkin et al., Empirical Evidence of Correlated Biases in Dietary Assessment Instruments and Its Implications, American Journal of Epidemiology, vol.153, issue.4, pp.394-403, 2001.
DOI : 10.1093/aje/153.4.394

J. Linseisen, E. Kesse, N. Slimani, H. Bueno-de-mesquita, M. Ocké et al., Meat consumption in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohorts: results from 24-hour dietary recalls, Public Health Nutrition, vol.8, issue.6b, pp.1243-1258, 2002.
DOI : 10.1006/appe.1999.0273

L. , D. Martin, D. Larson, M. Levy, and D. , Accuracy of death certificates for coding coronary heart disease as the cause of death, Ann Intern Med, vol.129, pp.1020-1026, 1998.

D. Modelmog, S. Rahlenbeck, and D. Trichopoulos, Accuracy of death certificates: a population-based, complete-coverage, one-year autopsy study in East Germany, Cancer Causes and Control, vol.93, issue.6, pp.541-546, 1992.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00052751

S. Sehdev, A. Hutchins, and G. , Problems With Proper Completion and Accuracy of the Cause-of-Death Statement, Archives of Internal Medicine, vol.161, issue.2, pp.277-284, 2001.
DOI : 10.1001/archinte.161.2.277