A. Rahman and D. Isenberg, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.358, issue.9, pp.929-939, 2008.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMra071297

Y. Deng and B. Tsao, Genetic susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus in the genomic era, Nature Reviews Rheumatology, vol.18, issue.12, pp.683-692, 2010.
DOI : 10.1038/nrrheum.2010.176

N. Mitchison and L. Wedderburn, B cells in autoimmunity, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.97, issue.16, pp.8750-8751, 2000.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.97.16.8750

E. Nashi, Y. Wang, and D. B. , The role of B cells in lupus pathogenesis, The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, vol.42, issue.4, pp.543-550, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biocel.2009.10.011

U. Deshmukh, H. Bagavant, and S. Fu, Role of anti-DNA antibodies in the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis, Autoimmunity Reviews, vol.5, issue.6, pp.414-418, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.autrev.2005.10.010

A. Jacobi, M. Odendahl, K. Reiter, A. Bruns, G. Burmester et al., plasma cells and disease activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, Arthritis & Rheumatism, vol.65, issue.Suppl 14, pp.1332-1342, 2003.
DOI : 10.1002/art.10949

D. Pisetsky, A. Grammer, T. Ning, and P. Lipsky, Are autoantibodies the targets of B-cell-directed therapy?, Nature Reviews Rheumatology, vol.9, issue.9, pp.551-556, 2011.
DOI : 10.1038/nrrheum.2011.108

B. Rodriguez-bayona, A. Ramos-amaya, J. Perez-venegas, C. Rodriguez, and J. Brieva, Decreased frequency and activated phenotype of blood CD27 IgD IgM B lymphocytes is a permanent abnormality in systemic lupus erythematosus patients, Arthritis Research & Therapy, vol.12, issue.3, p.108, 2010.
DOI : 10.1186/ar3042

C. Daridon, D. Blassfeld, K. Reiter, H. Mei, C. Giesecke et al., Epratuzumab targeting of CD22 affects adhesion molecule expression and migration of B-cells in systemic lupus erythematosus, Arthritis Research & Therapy, vol.12, issue.6, p.204, 2010.
DOI : 10.1186/ar3179

M. Thelen and J. Stein, How chemokines invite leukocytes to dance, Nature Immunology, vol.12, issue.9, pp.953-959, 2008.
DOI : 10.1038/ni.f.207

K. Ohl and K. Tenbrock, Inflammatory Cytokines in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, vol.181, issue.5, p.432595, 2011.
DOI : 10.1007/s11033-010-0527-y

M. Ezzat, T. El-gammasy, K. Shaheen, and E. Shokr, Elevated production of serum B-cell-attracting chemokine-1 (BCA-1/CXCL13) is correlated with childhood-onset lupus disease activity, severity, and renal involvement, Lupus, vol.54, issue.8, pp.845-854, 2011.
DOI : 10.2741/2188

B. Chong and C. Mohan, Targeting the CXCR4/CXCL12 axis in systemic lupus erythematosus, Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, vol.8, issue.10, pp.1147-1153, 2009.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.00013-07

K. Ansel and J. Cyster, Chemokines in lymphopoiesis and lymphoid organ development, Current Opinion in Immunology, vol.13, issue.2, pp.172-179, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0952-7915(00)00201-6

E. Palmesino, B. Moepps, P. Gierschik, and M. Thelen, Differences in CXCR4-mediated signaling in B cells, Immunobiology, vol.211, issue.5, pp.377-389, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.imbio.2005.12.003

A. Wang, P. Guilpain, B. Chong, S. Chouzenoux, L. Guillevin et al., Dysregulated expression of CXCR4/CXCL12 in subsets of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, Arthritis & Rheumatism, vol.48, issue.Suppl 1, pp.3436-3446, 2010.
DOI : 10.1002/art.27685

K. Balabanian, J. Couderc, L. Bouchet-delbos, A. A. Berrebi, D. Foussat et al., Role of the Chemokine Stromal Cell-Derived Factor 1 in Autoantibody Production and Nephritis in Murine Lupus, The Journal of Immunology, vol.170, issue.6, pp.3392-3400, 2003.
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.170.6.3392

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00166866

P. Lugar, C. Love, A. Grammer, S. Dave, and P. Lipsky, Molecular Characterization of Circulating Plasma Cells in Patients with Active Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, PLoS ONE, vol.7, issue.9, p.44362, 2012.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0044362.s002

M. Thelen and S. Thelen, CXCR7, CXCR4 and CXCL12: An eccentric trio?, Journal of Neuroimmunology, vol.198, issue.1-2, pp.9-13, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.04.020

M. Ulvmar, E. Hub, and A. Rot, Atypical chemokine receptors, Experimental Cell Research, vol.317, issue.5, pp.556-568, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.yexcr.2011.01.012

U. Naumann, E. Cameroni, M. Pruenster, H. Mahabaleshwar, E. Raz et al., CXCR7 Functions as a Scavenger for CXCL12 and CXCL11, PLoS ONE, vol.5, issue.2, pp.7-9175, 2010.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0009175.s002

H. Wang, N. Beaty, S. Chen, C. Qi, M. Masiuk et al., The CXCR7 chemokine receptor promotes B-cell retention in the splenic marginal zone and serves as a sink for CXCL12, Blood, vol.119, issue.2, pp.465-468, 2011.
DOI : 10.1182/blood-2011-03-343608

K. Luker, J. Steele, L. Mihalko, P. Ray, and G. Luker, Constitutive and chemokine-dependent internalization and recycling of CXCR7 in breast cancer cells to degrade chemokine ligands, Oncogene, vol.110, issue.32, pp.4599-4610, 2010.
DOI : 10.1038/onc.2010.212

F. Hoffmann, W. Muller, D. Schutz, S. Schulz, and R. Stumm, Rapid Uptake and Degradation of CXCL12 Depend on CXCR7 Carboxyl-terminal Serine/Threonine Residues, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.287, issue.34, pp.28362-28377, 2012.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M111.335679

S. Rajagopal, J. Kim, S. Ahn, S. Craig, C. Lam et al., ??-arrestin- but not G protein-mediated signaling by the "decoy" receptor CXCR7, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.107, issue.2, pp.628-632, 2010.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0912852107

A. Levoye, K. Balabanian, F. Baleux, F. Bachelerie, and B. Lagane, CXCR7 heterodimerizes with CXCR4 and regulates CXCL12-mediated G protein signaling, Blood, vol.113, issue.24, pp.6085-6093, 2009.
DOI : 10.1182/blood-2008-12-196618

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00415320

F. Decaillot, M. Kazmi, Y. Lin, S. Ray-saha, T. Sakmar et al., / CXCR4 Heterodimer Constitutively Recruits {beta}-Arrestin to Enhance Cell Migration, J Biol Chem, vol.286, pp.732188-32197, 2011.

M. Canals, D. Scholten, S. De-munnik, M. Han, M. Smit et al., Ubiquitination of CXCR7 Controls Receptor Trafficking, PLoS ONE, vol.133, issue.3, p.34192, 2012.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0034192.s007

K. Balabanian, B. Lagane, S. Infantino, K. Chow, J. Harriague et al., The Chemokine SDF-1/CXCL12 Binds to and Signals through the Orphan Receptor RDC1 in T Lymphocytes, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.280, issue.42, pp.35760-35766, 2005.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M508234200

S. Infantino, B. Moepps, and M. Thelen, Expression and Regulation of the Orphan Receptor RDC1 and Its Putative Ligand in Human Dendritic and B Cells, The Journal of Immunology, vol.176, issue.4, pp.2197-2207, 2006.
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.176.4.2197

R. Berahovich, B. Zabel, M. Penfold, S. Lewen, Y. Wang et al., CXCR7 Protein Is Not Expressed on Human or Mouse Leukocytes, The Journal of Immunology, vol.185, issue.9, pp.75130-5139, 2010.
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.1001660

A. Jacobi, K. Reiter, M. Mackay, C. Aranow, F. Hiepe et al., Activated memory B cell subsets correlate with disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus: Delineation by expression of CD27, IgD, and CD95, Arthritis & Rheumatism, vol.14, issue.6, pp.1762-1773, 2008.
DOI : 10.1002/art.23498

M. Humpert, M. Tzouros, S. Thelen, A. Bignon, A. Levoye et al., Complementary methods provide evidence for the expression of CXCR7 on human B cells, PROTEOMICS, vol.118, issue.12, pp.1938-1948, 2012.
DOI : 10.1002/pmic.201100581

T. Juarez-cedillo, J. Zuniga, V. Acuna-alonzo, N. Perez-hernandez, J. Rodriguez-perez et al., Genetic admixture and diversity estimations in the Mexican Mestizo population from Mexico City using 15 STR polymorphic markers, Forensic Science International: Genetics, vol.2, issue.3, pp.37-39, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fsigen.2007.08.017

E. Tan, A. Cohen, J. Fries, A. Masi, D. Mcshane et al., The 1982 revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus, Arthritis & Rheumatism, vol.31, issue.11, pp.1271-1277, 1982.
DOI : 10.1002/art.1780251101

C. Bombardier, D. Gladman, M. Urowitz, D. Caron, and C. Chang, Derivation of the sledai. A disease activity index for lupus patients, Arthritis & Rheumatism, vol.19, issue.6, pp.630-640, 1992.
DOI : 10.1002/art.1780350606

C. Yee, V. Farewell, D. Isenberg, B. Griffiths, L. Teh et al., The use of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index-2000 to define active disease and minimal clinically meaningful change based on data from a large cohort of systemic lupus erythematosus patients, Rheumatology, vol.50, issue.5, pp.982-988, 2011.
DOI : 10.1093/rheumatology/keq376

J. Nieto, E. Canto, C. Zamora, M. Ortiz, C. Juarez et al., Selective Loss of Chemokine Receptor Expression on Leukocytes after Cell Isolation, PLoS ONE, vol.183, issue.3, p.31297, 2012.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0031297.t002

K. Balabanian, A. Levoye, L. Klemm, B. Lagane, O. Hermine et al., Leukocyte analysis from WHIM syndrome patients reveals a pivotal role for GRK3 in CXCR4 signaling, Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol.118, pp.1074-1084, 2008.
DOI : 10.1172/JCI33187

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00259431

S. Cikos, A. Bukovska, and J. Koppel, Relative quantification of mRNA: comparison of methods currently used for real-time PCR data analysis, BMC Molecular Biology, vol.8, issue.1, p.113, 2007.
DOI : 10.1186/1471-2199-8-113

M. Henneken, T. Dorner, G. Burmester, and C. Berek, Differential expression of chemokine receptors on peripheral blood B cells from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus, Arthritis Research & Therapy, vol.7, issue.5, pp.1001-1013, 2005.
DOI : 10.1186/ar1776

D. Payne, S. Drinkwater, R. Baretto, M. Duddridge, and M. Browning, Expression of chemokine receptors CXCR4, CXCR5 and CCR7 on B and T lymphocytes from patients with primary antibody deficiency, Clinical & Experimental Immunology, vol.112, issue.2, pp.254-262, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2009.03889.x

Z. Jin, D. Nagakubo, A. Shirakawa, T. Nakayama, A. Shigeta et al., CXCR7 is inducible by HTLV-1 Tax and promotes growth and survival of HTLV-1-infected T cells, International Journal of Cancer, vol.71, issue.Part 8, pp.2229-2235, 2009.
DOI : 10.1002/ijc.24612

A. Kumar, K. Kremer, D. Dominguez, M. Tadi, and K. Hedin, G??13 and Rho Mediate Endosomal Trafficking of CXCR4 into Rab11+ Vesicles upon Stromal Cell-Derived Factor-1 Stimulation, The Journal of Immunology, vol.186, issue.2, pp.951-958, 2011.
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.1002019

K. Balabanian, B. Lagane, J. Pablos, L. Laurent, T. Planchenault et al., WHIM syndromes with different genetic anomalies are accounted for by impaired CXCR4 desensitization to CXCL12, Blood, vol.105, issue.6, pp.2449-2457, 2005.
DOI : 10.1182/blood-2004-06-2289

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00166808

L. Cruz-orengo, D. Holman, D. Dorsey, L. Zhou, P. Zhang et al., CXCR7 influences leukocyte entry into the CNS parenchyma by controlling abluminal CXCL12 abundance during autoimmunity, The Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol.71, issue.2, pp.327-339, 2011.
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.0900269

T. Hartmann, V. Grabovsky, R. Pasvolsky, Z. Shulman, E. Buss et al., A crosstalk between intracellular CXCR7 and CXCR4 involved in rapid CXCL12-triggered integrin activation but not in chemokine-triggered motility of human T lymphocytes and CD34+ cells, Journal of Leukocyte Biology, vol.84, issue.4, pp.1130-1140, 2008.
DOI : 10.1189/jlb.0208088

M. Rettig, P. Ramirez, B. Nervi, and J. Dipersio, Chapter 2 CXCR4 and Mobilization of Hematopoietic Precursors, Methods Enzymol, vol.460, pp.57-90, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/S0076-6879(09)05203-3

C. Bleul, J. Schultze, and T. Springer, B Lymphocyte Chemotaxis Regulated in Association with Microanatomic Localization, Differentiation State, and B Cell Receptor Engagement, The Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol.154, issue.5, pp.753-762, 1998.
DOI : 10.1002/eji.1830270729

A. Wang, A. Fairhurst, K. Tus, S. Subramanian, Y. Liu et al., CXCR4/CXCL12 Hyperexpression Plays a Pivotal Role in the Pathogenesis of Lupus, The Journal of Immunology, vol.182, issue.7, pp.4448-4458, 2009.
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.0801920

H. Maecker, J. Mccoy, . Jr, M. Amos, J. Elliott et al., A model for harmonizing flow cytometry in clinical trials, Nature Immunology, vol.73, issue.11, pp.975-978, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.immuni.2009.09.007

J. Faint, C. Tuncer, A. Garg, D. Adams, and P. Lalor, Functional Consequences of Human Lymphocyte Cryopreservation, Journal of Immunotherapy, vol.34, issue.8, pp.588-596, 2011.
DOI : 10.1097/CJI.0b013e31822bc3d0

K. Costenbader, A. Desai, G. Alarcon, L. Hiraki, T. Shaykevich et al., Trends in the incidence, demographics, and outcomes of end-stage renal disease due to lupus nephritis in the US from 1995 to 2006, Arthritis & Rheumatism, vol.60, issue.Suppl 1, pp.1681-1688, 1995.
DOI : 10.1002/art.30293

A. Uribe, J. Romero-diaz, M. Apte, M. Fernandez, P. Burgos et al., Impact of immigration on the clinical expression of systemic lupus erythematosus: a comparative study of Hispanic patients residing in the USA and Mexico, Rheumatology, vol.48, issue.11, pp.1392-1397, 2009.
DOI : 10.1093/rheumatology/kep266

F. Annunziato, L. Cosmi, G. Galli, C. Beltrame, P. Romagnani et al., Assessment of chemokine receptor expression by human Th1 and Th2 cells in vitro and in vivo, J Leukoc Biol, vol.65, pp.691-699, 1999.

M. Postal and S. Appenzeller, The role of Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-??) in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus, Cytokine, vol.56, issue.3, pp.537-543, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cyto.2011.08.026

A. Doreau, A. Belot, J. Bastid, B. Riche, M. Trescol-biemont et al., Interleukin 17 acts in synergy with B cell???activating factor to influence B cell biology and the pathophysiology of systemic lupus erythematosus, Nature Immunology, vol.10, issue.7, pp.778-785, 2009.
DOI : 10.1038/ni.1741

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00539348

H. Hsu, P. Yang, J. Wang, Q. Wu, R. Myers et al., Interleukin 17???producing T helper cells and interleukin 17 orchestrate autoreactive germinal center development in autoimmune BXD2 mice, Nature Immunology, vol.1, issue.2, pp.166-175, 2008.
DOI : 10.1038/ni1552

E. Robak, L. Kulczycka, A. Sysa-jedrzejowska, A. Wierzbowska, and T. Robak, Circulating proangiogenic molecules PIGF, SDF-1 and sVCAM-1 in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, Eur Cytokine Netw, vol.18, pp.181-187, 2007.

J. Sanchez-alcaniz, S. Haege, W. Mueller, R. Pla, F. Mackay et al., Cxcr7 Controls Neuronal Migration by Regulating Chemokine Responsiveness, Neuron, vol.69, issue.1, pp.77-90, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neuron.2010.12.006

R. Winkelmann, L. Sandrock, M. Porstner, E. Roth, M. Mathews et al., B cell homeostasis and plasma cell homing controlled by Kruppel-like factor 2, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.108, issue.2, pp.710-715, 2011.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.1012858108

F. Sierro, C. Biben, L. Martinez-munoz, M. Mellado, R. Ransohoff et al., Disrupted cardiac development but normal hematopoiesis in mice deficient in the second CXCL12/SDF-1 receptor, CXCR7, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.104, issue.37, pp.14759-14764, 2007.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0702229104

S. Haege, C. Einer, S. Thiele, W. Mueller, S. Nietzsche et al., CXC Chemokine Receptor 7 (CXCR7) Regulates CXCR4 Protein Expression and Capillary Tuft Development in Mouse Kidney, PLoS ONE, vol.7, issue.8, p.42814, 2012.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0042814.s002

V. Odemis, K. Boosmann, A. Heinen, P. Kury, and J. Engele, CXCR7 is an active component of SDF-1 signalling in astrocytes and Schwann cells, Journal of Cell Science, vol.123, issue.7, pp.1081-1088, 2010.
DOI : 10.1242/jcs.062810