C. Acker and S. Antic, Quantitative Assessment of the Distributions of Membrane Conductances Involved in Action Potential Backpropagation Along Basal Dendrites, Journal of Neurophysiology, vol.101, issue.3, pp.1524-1541, 2009.
DOI : 10.1152/jn.00651.2007

S. Antic, Action Potentials in Basal and Oblique Dendrites of Rat Neocortical Pyramidal Neurons, The Journal of Physiology, vol.526, issue.1, 2003.
DOI : 10.1113/jphysiol.2002.033746

S. Antic, G. Major, and D. Zecevic, Fast optical recordings of membrane potential changes from dendrites of pyramidal neurons, J Neurophysiol, vol.82, pp.1615-1621, 1999.

S. Antic and D. Zecevic, Optical signals from neurons with internally applied voltage-sensitive dyes, 1995.

R. Araya, K. Eisenthal, and R. Yuste, Dendritic spines linearize the summation of excitatory potentials, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.103, issue.49, pp.18799-18804, 2006.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0609225103

R. Araya, J. Jiang, K. Eisenthal, and R. Yuste, The spine neck filters membrane potentials, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.103, issue.47, pp.17961-17966, 2006.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0608755103

URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1693855

K. Ataka and V. Pieribone, A Genetically Targetable Fluorescent Probe of Channel Gating with Rapid Kinetics, Biophysical Journal, vol.82, issue.1, pp.509-516, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(02)75415-5

J. Bischofberger, D. Engel, L. Li, J. Geiger, and J. P. , Patch-clamp recording from mossy fiber terminals in hippocampal slices, Nature Protocols, vol.100, issue.4, pp.2075-2081, 2006.
DOI : 10.1038/nprot.2006.312

B. Bloodgood and B. Sabatini, Neuronal Activity Regulates Diffusion Across the Neck of Dendritic Spines, Science, vol.310, issue.5749, pp.866-869, 2005.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1114816

C. Bradley and M. Muschol, Large Neurohypophysial Varicosities Amplify Action Potentials: Results from Numerical Simulations, Endocrinology, vol.150, pp.2829-2836, 2009.

T. Cacciatore and P. Brodfuehrer, Identification of Neural Circuits by Imaging Coherent Electrical Activity with FRET-Based Dyes, Neuron, vol.23, issue.3, pp.449-459, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80799-0

M. Canepari, M. Djurisic, and D. Zecevic, Dendritic signals from rat hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons during coincident pre- and post-synaptic activity: a combined voltage- and calcium-imaging study, The Journal of Physiology, vol.381, issue.2, pp.463-484, 2007.
DOI : 10.1113/jphysiol.2006.125005

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00515634

M. Canepari and K. Vogt, Dendritic Spike Saturation of Endogenous Calcium Buffer and Induction of Postsynaptic Cerebellar LTP, PLoS ONE, vol.76, issue.12, p.4011, 2008.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0004011.s001

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00449755

M. Canepari, K. Vogt, and D. Zecevic, Combining Voltage and Calcium Imaging from Neuronal Dendrites, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, vol.164, issue.8, pp.1079-1093, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/s10571-008-9285-y

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00515600

N. Caporale and Y. Dan, Spike Timing???Dependent Plasticity: A Hebbian Learning Rule, Annual Review of Neuroscience, vol.31, issue.1, pp.25-46, 2008.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.neuro.31.060407.125639

B. Chanda and R. Blunck, A hybrid approach to measuring electrical activity in genetically specified neurons, Nature Neuroscience, vol.20, issue.11, pp.1619-1626, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/S1046-2023(03)00006-9

L. Cohen and S. Lesher, Optical monitoring of membrane potential: methods of multisite optical measurement, Soc Gen Physiol Ser, vol.40, pp.71-99, 1986.

L. Cohen and B. Salzberg, Changes in axon fluorescence during activity: Molecular probes of membrane potential, The Journal of Membrane Biology, vol.69, issue.1, pp.1-36, 1974.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01869968

L. Cohen and B. Salzberg, Optical measurement of membrane potential, Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol, vol.83, pp.35-88, 1978.
DOI : 10.1007/3-540-08907-1_2

J. Dainty, Laser Speckle and Related Phenomena, 1984.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-662-43205-1

H. Davila, L. Cohen, B. Salzberg, and B. Shrivastav, Changes in ANS and TNS fluorescence in giant axons fromLoligo, The Journal of Membrane Biology, vol.1, issue.1, pp.29-46, 1974.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01870080

D. Dimitrov and Y. He, Engineering and Characterization of an Enhanced Fluorescent Protein Voltage Sensor, PLoS ONE, vol.32, issue.5, p.440, 2007.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0000440.s002

M. Djurisic, S. Antic, W. Chen, and D. Zecevic, Voltage Imaging from Dendrites of Mitral Cells: EPSP Attenuation and Spike Trigger Zones, Journal of Neuroscience, vol.24, issue.30, pp.6703-6714, 2004.
DOI : 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0307-04.2004

M. Djurisic, M. Popovic, N. Carnevale, and D. Zecevic, Functional Structure of the Mitral Cell Dendritic Tuft in the Rat Olfactory Bulb, Journal of Neuroscience, vol.28, issue.15, pp.4057-4068, 2008.
DOI : 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5296-07.2008

D. Dombeck, L. Sacconi, M. Blanchard-desce, and W. Webb, Optical Recording of Fast Neuronal Membrane Potential Transients in Acute Mammalian Brain Slices by Second-Harmonic Generation Microscopy, Journal of Neurophysiology, vol.94, issue.5, pp.3628-3636, 2005.
DOI : 10.1152/jn.00416.2005

J. Fisher and J. Barchi, Two-Photon Excitation of Potentiometric Probes Enables Optical Recording of Action Potentials From Mammalian Nerve Terminals In Situ, Journal of Neurophysiology, vol.99, issue.3, pp.1545-1553, 2008.
DOI : 10.1152/jn.00929.2007

J. Gonzalez and R. Tsien, Voltage sensing by fluorescence resonance energy transfer in single cells, Biophysical Journal, vol.69, issue.4, pp.1272-1280, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(95)80029-9

J. Gonzalez and R. Tsien, Improved indicators of cell membrane potential that use fluorescence resonance energy transfer, Chemistry & Biology, vol.4, issue.4, pp.269-277, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S1074-5521(97)90070-3

E. Gratton and M. Van-de-ven, Laser sources for confocal microscopy, JB Pawley (ed) Handbook of biological confocal microscopy, 1989.
DOI : 10.1007/978-0-387-45524-2_5

A. Grinvald, R. Hildesheim, I. Farber, and L. Anglister, Improved fluorescent probes for the measurement of rapid changes in membrane potential, Biophysical Journal, vol.39, issue.3, pp.301-308, 1982.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(82)84520-7

A. Grinvald and I. Farber, Optical recording of calcium action potentials from growth cones of cultured neurons with a laser microbeam, Science, vol.212, issue.4499, pp.1164-1167, 1981.
DOI : 10.1126/science.7233210

A. Grinvald, W. Ross, and I. Farber, Simultaneous optical measurements of electrical activity from multiple sites on processes of cultured neurons., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.78, issue.5, pp.3245-3249, 1981.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.78.5.3245

A. Grinvald, B. Salzberg, V. Lev-ram, and . Hildesheim, Optical recording of synaptic potentials from processes of single neurons using intracellular potentiometric dyes, Biophysical Journal, vol.51, issue.4, pp.643-651, 1987.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(87)83389-1

R. Gupta and B. Salzberg, Improvements in optical methods for measuring rapid changes in membrane potential, The Journal of Membrane Biology, vol.9, issue.2, pp.123-137, 1981.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01870975

T. Iwasato and A. Datwani, Cortex-restricted disruption of NMDAR1 impairs neuronal patterns in the barrel cortex, Nature, vol.406, issue.6797, pp.726-731, 2000.
DOI : 10.1038/35021059

B. Kampa and G. Stuart, Calcium Spikes in Basal Dendrites of Layer 5 Pyramidal Neurons during Action Potential Bursts, Journal of Neuroscience, vol.26, issue.28, pp.7424-7432, 2006.
DOI : 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3062-05.2006

J. Kerr and W. Denk, Imaging in vivo: watching the brain in action, Nature Reviews Neuroscience, vol.98, issue.3, pp.195-205, 2008.
DOI : 10.1038/nrn2338

C. Koch and A. Zador, The function of dendritic spines: devices subserving biochemical rather than electrical compartmentalization, J Neurosci, vol.13, pp.413-422, 1993.

A. Konnerth, A. Obaid, and B. Salzberg, Optical recording of electrical activity from parallel fibres and other cell types in skate cerebellar slices in vitro., The Journal of Physiology, vol.393, issue.1, pp.681-702, 1987.
DOI : 10.1113/jphysiol.1987.sp016848

B. Kuhn, P. Fromherz, and W. Denk, High Sensitivity of Stark-Shift Voltage-Sensing Dyes by One- or Two-Photon Excitation Near the Red Spectral Edge, Biophysical Journal, vol.87, issue.1, pp.631-639, 2004.
DOI : 10.1529/biophysj.104.040477

J. Jack, D. Noble, and R. Tsien, Electric current flow in excitable cells, p.36, 1975.

H. Matsukawa, A. Wolf, S. Matsushita, R. Joho, and T. Knöpfel, Motor Dysfunction and Altered Synaptic Transmission at the Parallel Fiber-Purkinje Cell Synapse in Mice Lacking Potassium Channels Kv3.1 and Kv3.3, J Neurosci, vol.23, pp.7677-7684, 2003.

B. Milojkovic, W. Zhou, and S. Antic, Voltage and calcium transients in basal dendrites of the rat prefrontal cortex, The Journal of Physiology, vol.64, issue.Suppl, pp.447-468, 2007.
DOI : 10.1113/jphysiol.2007.142315

L. Moreaux, O. Sandre, S. Charpak, M. Blanchard-desce, and J. Mertz, Coherent Scattering in Multi-Harmonic Light Microscopy, Biophysical Journal, vol.80, issue.3, pp.1568-1574, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(01)76129-2

T. Nevian, M. Larkum, A. Polsky, and J. Schiller, Properties of basal dendrites of layer 5 pyramidal neurons: a direct patch-clamp recording study, Nature Neuroscience, vol.521, issue.2, pp.206-214, 2007.
DOI : 10.1038/nn1826

J. Noguchi, M. Matsuzaki, G. Ellis-davies, and H. Kasai, Spine-Neck Geometry Determines NMDA Receptor-Dependent Ca2+ Signaling in Dendrites, Neuron, vol.46, issue.4, pp.609-622, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neuron.2005.03.015

M. Nuriya, J. Jiang, B. Nemet, K. Eisenthal, and R. Yuste, Imaging membrane potential in dendritic spines, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.103, issue.3, pp.786-790, 2006.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0510092103

A. Obaid, H. Shimizu, and B. Salzberg, Intracellular staining with potentiometric dyes: optical signals from identi®ed leech neurons and their processes, Biol Bull, vol.163, p.388, 1982.

L. Palmer and G. Stuart, Site of Action Potential Initiation in Layer 5 Pyramidal Neurons, Journal of Neuroscience, vol.26, issue.6, pp.1854-1863, 2006.
DOI : 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4812-05.2006

L. Palmer and G. Stuart, Membrane Potential Changes in Dendritic Spines during Action Potentials and Synaptic Input, Journal of Neuroscience, vol.29, issue.21, pp.6897-6903, 2009.
DOI : 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5847-08.2009

T. Parsons, D. Kleinfeld, F. Raccuia-behling, and B. Salzberg, Optical recording of the electrical activity of synaptically interacting Aplysia neurons in culture using potentiometric probes, Biophysical Journal, vol.56, issue.1, pp.213-221, 1989.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(89)82666-9

T. Parsons, B. Salzberg, A. Obaid, F. Raccuia-behling, and D. Kleinfeld, Long-term optical recording of patterns of electrical activity in ensembles of cultured Aplysia neurons, J Neurophysiol, vol.66, pp.316-333, 1991.

M. Roberts, Signals and Systems: Analysis Using Transform Methods and MATLAB, 2004.

S. Rohr and B. Salzberg, Multiple site optical recording of transmembrane voltage (MSORTV) in patterned growth heart cell cultures: assessing electrical behavior, with microsecond resolution, on a cellular and subcellular scale, Biophysical Journal, vol.67, issue.3, pp.1301-1315, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(94)80602-2

W. Ross and V. Krauthamer, Optical measurements of potential changes in axons and processes of neurons of a barnacle ganglion, J Neurosci, vol.4, pp.659-672, 1984.

B. Sabatini, T. Oertner, and K. Svoboda, The Life Cycle of Ca2+ Ions in Dendritic Spines, Neuron, vol.33, issue.3, pp.439-452, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0896-6273(02)00573-1

R. Sakai, V. Repunte-canonigo, C. Raj, and T. Knöpfel, Design and characterization of a DNA-encoded, voltage-sensitive fluorescent protein, European Journal of Neuroscience, vol.19, issue.12, pp.2314-2318, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/s0960-9822(00)00354-7

B. Salzberg, Optical signals from giant axon following perfusion or superfusion with potentiometric probes, Biol Bull, vol.155, pp.463-464, 1978.

I. Segev and W. Rall, Excitable dendrites and spines: earlier theoretical insights elucidate recent direct observations, Trends in Neurosciences, vol.21, issue.11, pp.453-460, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0166-2236(98)01327-7

D. Shoham and D. Glaser, Imaging Cortical Dynamics at High Spatial and Temporal Resolution with Novel Blue Voltage-Sensitive Dyes, Neuron, vol.24, issue.4, pp.791-802, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0896-6273(00)81027-2

Y. Shu, A. Hasenstaub, A. Duque, Y. Yu, and D. Mccormick, Modulation of intracortical synaptic potentials by presynaptic somatic membrane potential, Nature, vol.311, issue.7094, pp.761-765, 2006.
DOI : 10.1038/nature04720

M. Siegel and E. Isacoff, A Genetically Encoded Optical Probe of Membrane Voltage, Neuron, vol.19, issue.4, pp.735-741, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80955-1

G. Stuart, H. Dodt, and B. Sakmann, Patch-clamp recordings from the soma and dendrites of neurons in brain slices using infrared video microscopy, Pfl???gers Archiv European Journal of Physiology, vol.31, issue.5-6, pp.511-518, 1993.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00374949

G. Stuart and B. Sakmann, Active propagation of somatic action potentials into neocortical pyramidal cell dendrites, Nature, vol.367, issue.6458, pp.69-72, 1994.
DOI : 10.1038/367069a0

URL : http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-001M-0000-0019-A93F-7

K. Svoboda, D. Tank, and W. Denk, Direct Measurement of Coupling Between Dendritic Spines and Shafts, Science, vol.272, issue.5262, pp.716-719, 1996.
DOI : 10.1126/science.272.5262.716

P. Vetter, A. Roth, and M. Häusser, Propagation of action potentials in dendrites depends on dendritic morphology, J Neurophysiol, vol.85, pp.926-937, 2001.

A. Waggoner and A. Grinvald, Mechanisms of rapid optical changes of potential sensitive dyes, Ann N Y Acad Sci, vol.303, pp.217-242, 1977.

J. Wu, . Cohen, . Lb, and C. Falk, Fast Multisite Optical Measurement of Membrane Potential, with Two Examples, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/B978-012447836-7/50017-8

J. Wuskell and D. Boudreau, Synthesis, spectra, delivery and potentiometric responses of new styryl dyes with extended spectral ranges, Journal of Neuroscience Methods, vol.151, issue.2, pp.200-215, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2005.07.013

D. W. Yuster, Dendritic spines as basic functional units of neuronal integration, Nature, vol.375, issue.6533, pp.682-684, 1995.
DOI : 10.1038/375682a0

D. Zecevic, Multiple spike-initiation zones in single neurons revealed by voltage-sensitive dyes, Nature, vol.381, pp.322-325, 1996.

W. Zhou, P. Yan, J. Wuskell, L. Loew, and S. Antic, Intracellular long-wavelength voltage-sensitive dyes for studying the dynamics of action potentials in axons and thin dendrites, Journal of Neuroscience Methods, vol.164, issue.2, pp.225-239, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2007.05.002

W. Zhou, P. Yan, J. Wuskell, L. Loew, and S. Antic, Dynamics of action potential backpropagation in basal dendrites of prefrontal cortical pyramidal neurons, European Journal of Neuroscience, vol.85, issue.4, pp.923-963, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/S0959-4388(99)80045-2