D. M. Anderson, E. Maraskovsky, W. L. Billingsley, W. C. Dougall, M. E. Tometsko et al., A homologue of the TNF receptor and its ligand enhance T-cell growth and dendritic-cell function, Nature, vol.390, issue.6656, pp.175-179, 1997.
DOI : 10.1038/36593

V. Anest, J. L. Hanson, P. C. Cogswell, K. A. Steinbrecher, B. D. Strahl et al., A nucleosomal function for I??B kinase-?? in NF-??B-dependent gene expression, Nature, vol.423, issue.6940, pp.659-663, 2003.
DOI : 10.1038/nature01648

F. Arguello, R. B. Baggs, and C. N. Frantz, A murine model of experimental metastasis to bone and bone marrow, Cancer Res, vol.48, pp.6876-6881, 1988.

A. P. Armstrong, R. E. Miller, J. C. Jones, J. Zhang, E. T. Keller et al., RANKL acts directly on RANK-expressing prostate tumor cells and mediates migration and expression of tumor metastasis genes, The Prostate, vol.32, issue.1, pp.92-104, 2008.
DOI : 10.1002/pros.20678

A. J. Choi and Y. , Bone versus immune system, Nature, vol.408, pp.535-536, 2000.

S. J. Bakewell, P. Nestor, S. Prasad, M. H. Tomasson, N. Dowland et al., Platelet and osteoclast beta3 integrins are critical for bone metastasis, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, pp.14205-14210, 2003.

P. Bhatia, M. M. Sanders, and M. F. Hansen, Expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB is inversely correlated with metastatic phenotype in breast carcinoma, Clin. Cancer Res, vol.11, pp.162-165, 2005.

J. M. Brown, E. Corey, Z. D. Lee, L. D. True, T. J. Yun et al., Osteoprotegerin and rank ligand expression in prostate cancer, Urology, vol.57, issue.4, pp.611-616, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0090-4295(00)01122-5

R. Bu, C. W. Borysenko, Y. Li, L. Cao, A. Sabokbar et al., Expression and function of TNF-family proteins and receptors in human osteoblasts???, Bone, vol.33, issue.5, pp.760-770, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bone.2003.07.006

J. R. Canon, M. Roudier, R. Bryant, S. Morony, M. Stolina et al., Inhibition of RANKL blocks skeletal tumor progression and improves survival in a mouse model of breast cancer bone metastasis, Clinical & Experimental Metastasis, vol.23, issue.Supp 1, pp.119-129, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/s10585-007-9127-1

G. Chen, K. Sircar, A. Aprikian, A. Potti, D. Goltzman et al., Expression of RANKL/RANK/OPG in primary and metastatic human prostate cancer as markers of disease stage and functional regulation, Cancer, vol.18, issue.2, pp.289-298, 2006.
DOI : 10.1002/cncr.21978

R. E. Coleman, Skeletal complications of malignancy, Cancer, vol.12, issue.S8, pp.1588-1594, 1997.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19971015)80:8+<1588::AID-CNCR9>3.0.CO;2-G

E. Corey, L. G. Brown, J. A. Kiefer, J. E. Quinn, T. E. Pitts et al., Osteoprotegerin in Prostate Cancer Bone Metastasis, Cancer Research, vol.65, issue.5, pp.1710-1718, 2005.
DOI : 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-2033

J. E. Fata, Y. Y. Kong, J. Li, T. Sasaki, J. Irie-sasaki et al., The Osteoclast Differentiation Factor Osteoprotegerin-Ligand Is Essential for Mammary Gland Development, Cell, vol.103, issue.1, pp.41-50, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)00103-3

D. Goltzman, Osteolysis and cancer, Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol.107, issue.10, pp.1219-1220, 2001.
DOI : 10.1172/JCI13073

T. A. Guise, Molecular mechanisms of osteolytic bone metastases, Cancer, vol.283, issue.S12, pp.2892-2898, 2000.
DOI : 10.1002/1097-0142(20000615)88:12+<2892::AID-CNCR2>3.0.CO;2-Y

C. E. Herzog, Overview of Sarcomas in the Adolescent and Young Adult Population, Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, vol.27, issue.4, pp.215-218, 2005.
DOI : 10.1097/01.mph.0000161762.53175.e4

L. Huang, J. Xu, D. J. Wood, and M. H. Zheng, Gene Expression of Osteoprotegerin Ligand, Osteoprotegerin, and Receptor Activator of NF-??B in Giant Cell Tumor of Bone, The American Journal of Pathology, vol.156, issue.3, pp.761-767, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64942-5

A. Jemal, R. Siegel, E. Ward, T. Murray, J. Xu et al., Cancer Statistics, 2007, CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, vol.57, issue.1, pp.43-66, 2007.
DOI : 10.3322/canjclin.57.1.43

D. H. Jones, T. Nakashima, O. H. Sanchez, I. Kozieradzki, S. V. Komarova et al., Regulation of cancer cell migration and bone metastasis by RANKL, Nature, vol.17, issue.7084, pp.692-696, 2006.
DOI : 10.1038/nature04524

S. M. Käkönen and G. R. Mundy, Mechanisms of osteolytic bone metastases in breast carcinoma, Cancer, vol.134, issue.S3, pp.834-839, 2003.
DOI : 10.1002/cncr.11132

M. Kawano, H. Tanaka, H. Ishikawa, M. Nobuyoshi, K. Iwato et al., Interleukin-1 accelerates autocrine growth of myeloma cells through interleukin-6 in human myeloma, Blood, vol.73, pp.2145-2148, 1989.

Y. Y. Kong, H. Yoshida, I. Sarosi, H. L. Tan, E. Timms et al., OPGL is a key regulator of osteoclastogenesis, lymphocyte development and lymph-node organogenesis, Nature, vol.397, pp.315-323, 1999.

D. L. Lacey, E. Timms, H. L. Tan, M. J. Kelley, C. R. Dunstan et al., Osteoprotegerin Ligand Is a Cytokine that Regulates Osteoclast Differentiation and Activation, Cell, vol.93, issue.2, pp.165-176, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81569-X

F. Lamoureux, P. Richard, Y. Wittrant, S. Battaglia, P. Pilet et al., Therapeutic Relevance of Osteoprotegerin Gene Therapy in Osteosarcoma: Blockade of the Vicious Cycle between Tumor Cell Proliferation and Bone Resorption, Cancer Research, vol.67, issue.15, pp.7308-7318, 2007.
DOI : 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-4130

S. H. Landis, T. Murray, S. Bolden, and P. A. Wingo, Cancer statistics, 1999, Cancer statistics, pp.8-31, 1999.
DOI : 10.3322/canjclin.49.1.8

Y. C. Lin-lee, L. V. Pham, A. T. Tamayo, L. Fu, H. J. Zhou et al., Nuclear Localization in the Biology of the CD40 Receptor in Normal and Neoplastic Human B Lymphocytes, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.281, issue.27, pp.18878-18887, 2006.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M513315200

S. Y. Lin, K. Makino, W. Xia, A. Matin, Y. Wen et al., Nuclear localization of EGF receptor and its potential new role as a transcription factor, Nature Cell Biology, vol.3, issue.9, pp.802-808, 2001.
DOI : 10.1038/ncb0901-802

P. A. Meyers, C. L. Schwartz, M. Krailo, E. S. Kleinerman, D. Betcher et al., Osteosarcoma: A Randomized, Prospective Trial of the Addition of Ifosfamide and/or Muramyl Tripeptide to Cisplatin, Doxorubicin, and High-Dose Methotrexate, Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol.23, issue.9, 2004.
DOI : 10.1200/JCO.2005.06.031

W. Min, J. R. Bradley, J. J. Galbraith, S. J. Jones, E. C. Ledgerwood et al., The N-terminal domains target TNF receptorassociated factor-2 to the nucleus and display transcriptional regulatory activity, J. Immunol, vol.161, pp.319-324, 1998.

N. Miyamoto, Y. Higuchi, K. Mori, M. Ito, M. Tsurudome et al., Human osteosarcoma-derived cell lines produce soluble factor(s) that induces differentiation of blood monocytes to osteoclast-like cells, International Immunopharmacology, vol.2, issue.1, pp.25-38, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S1567-5769(01)00134-5

K. Mori, M. Berreur, F. Blanchard, C. Chevalier, I. Guisle-marsollier et al., Receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL) directly modulates the gene expression profile of RANK-positive Saos-2 human osteosarcoma cells, Oncol. Rep, vol.18, pp.1365-1371, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00667508

K. Mori, L. Goff, B. Berreur, M. Riet, A. Moreau et al., Human osteosarcoma cells express functional receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B, The Journal of Pathology, vol.186, issue.5, pp.555-562, 2007.
DOI : 10.1002/path.2140

K. Mori, L. Goff, B. Charrier, C. Battaglia, S. Heymann et al., DU145 human prostate cancer cells express functional receptor activator of NF??B: New insights in the prostate cancer bone metastasis process, Bone, vol.40, issue.4, pp.981-990, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bone.2006.11.006

G. Mountzios, M. A. Dimopoulos, A. Bamias, G. Papadopoulos, E. Kastritis et al., Abnormal bone remodeling process is due to an imbalance in the receptor activator of nuclear factor?????B ligand (RANKL)/osteoprotegerin (OPG) axis in patients with solid tumors metastatic to the skeleton, Acta Oncologica, vol.23, issue.2, pp.221-229, 2007.
DOI : 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-0565-3

G. R. Mundy, Metastasis: Metastasis to bone: causes, consequences and therapeutic opportunities, Nature Reviews Cancer, vol.2, issue.8, pp.584-593, 2002.
DOI : 10.1038/nrc867

N. Nakagawa, M. Kinosaki, K. Yamaguchi, N. Shima, H. Yasuda et al., RANK Is the Essential Signaling Receptor for Osteoclast Differentiation Factor in Osteoclastogenesis, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol.253, issue.2, pp.395-400, 1998.
DOI : 10.1006/bbrc.1998.9788

T. Narita, N. Kawakami-kimura, M. Sato, N. Matsuura, S. Higashiyama et al., Alteration of Integrins by Heparin-Binding EGF Like Growth Factor in Human Breast Cancer Cells, Oncology, vol.53, issue.5, pp.374-381, 1996.
DOI : 10.1159/000227591

S. Paget, The distrubution of secondary growths in cancer of the breast, Lancet, vol.1, pp.571-572, 1889.

H. Peng, J. Myers, X. Fang, E. K. Stachowiak, P. A. Maher et al., Integrative nuclear FGFR1 signaling (INFS) pathway mediates activation of the tyrosine hydroxylase gene by angiotensin II, depolarization and protein kinase C, Journal of Neurochemistry, vol.268, issue.3, pp.506-524, 2002.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2002.00833.x

L. Rifas, S. Arackal, and M. N. Weitzmann, Inflammatory T cells rapidly induce differentiation of human bone marrow stromal cells into mature osteoblasts, Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, vol.95, issue.4, pp.650-659, 2003.
DOI : 10.1002/jcb.10436

G. D. Roodman, Mechanisms of Bone Metastasis, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.350, issue.16, pp.1655-1664, 2004.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMra030831

O. H. Sanchez-sweatman, J. Lee, F. W. Orr, and G. Singh, Direct osteolysis induced by metastatic murine melanoma cells: Role of matrix metalloproteinases, European Journal of Cancer, vol.33, issue.6, pp.918-925, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0959-8049(97)00513-3

W. S. Simonet, D. L. Lacey, C. R. Dunstan, M. Kelley, M. S. Chang et al., Osteoprotegerin: A Novel Secreted Protein Involved in the Regulation of Bone Density, Cell, vol.89, issue.2, pp.309-319, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80209-3

C. A. Stiller, S. S. Bielack, G. Jundt, and E. Steliarova-foucher, Bone tumours in European children and adolescents, 1978???1997. Report from the Automated Childhood Cancer Information System project, European Journal of Cancer, vol.42, issue.13, pp.2124-2135, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ejca.2006.05.015

S. K. Tat, M. Padrines, S. Theoleyre, S. Couillaud-battaglia, D. Heymann et al., OPG/membranous???RANKL complex is internalized via the clathrin pathway before a lysosomal and a proteasomal degradation, Bone, vol.39, issue.4, pp.706-715, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bone.2006.03.016

S. Theoleyre, Y. Wittrant, S. K. Tat, Y. Fortun, F. Redini et al., The molecular triad OPG/RANK/RANKL: involvement in the orchestration of pathophysiological bone remodeling, Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews, vol.15, issue.6, pp.457-475, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2004.06.004

P. G. Whang, E. M. Schwarz, S. C. Gamradt, W. C. Dougall, and J. R. Lieberman, The effects of RANK blockade and osteoclast depletion in a model of pure osteoblastic prostate cancer metastasis in bone, Journal of Orthopaedic Research, vol.63, issue.6, pp.1475-1483, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.orthres.2005.05.004.1100230634

Y. Wittrant, F. Lamoureux, K. Mori, A. Riet, A. Kamijo et al., RANKL directly induces bone morphogenetic protein-2 expression in RANK-expressing POS-1 osteosarcoma cells, International Journal of Oncology, vol.28, pp.261-269, 2006.
DOI : 10.3892/ijo.28.1.261

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00667510

B. R. Wong, R. Josien, S. Y. Lee, B. Sauter, H. L. Li et al., TRANCE (Tumor Necrosis Factor [TNF]-related Activation-induced Cytokine), a New TNF Family Member Predominantly Expressed in T cells, Is a Dendritic Cell???specific Survival Factor, The Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol.372, issue.12, pp.2075-2080, 1997.
DOI : 10.1084/jem.183.1.7

H. Yasuda, N. Shima, N. Nakagawa, K. Yamaguchi, M. Kinosaki et al., Osteoclast differentiation factor is a ligand for osteoprotegerin/osteoclastogenesis-inhibitory factor and is identical to TRANCE/RANKL, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, pp.3597-3602, 1998.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.95.7.3597

J. Zhang, J. Dai, Y. Qi, D. L. Lin, P. Smith et al., Osteoprotegerin inhibits prostate cancer???induced osteoclastogenesis and prevents prostate tumor growth in the bone, Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol.107, issue.10, pp.1235-1244, 2001.
DOI : 10.1172/JCI11685

J. Zhang, J. Dai, Z. Yao, Y. Lu, W. Dougall et al., Soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB Fc diminishes prostate cancer progression in bone, Cancer Res, vol.63, pp.7883-7890, 2003.