D. Roux, F. Salmon, D. Tubach, and . Vittecoq, The RATIO group is supported by a research grant from INSERM (Réseau de Recherche en santé des Populations 2003 and 2006) and by an unrestricted grant from Abbott, Schering Plough and Wyeth. The authors thank also the French Society of, SFR) subgroup: the CRI (Club Rheumatism and Inflammation) and the French Society of Infectious Diseases (SPLIF)

B. Department-of-rheumatology, . Hospital, and . Ap-hp, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre 94270, France. 3 Infectious Diseases - Internal Medicine Department, Cochin Hospital, AP-HP, 27 rue de faubourg Saint-Jacques

R. Maini, F. Breedveld, J. Kalden, J. Smolen, D. David et al., Therapeutic efficacy of multiple intravenous infusions of anti-tumor necrosis factor ? monoclonal antibody combined with low-dose weekly methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis, Arthritis & Rheumatism, vol.6, issue.9, pp.1552-1563, 1998.
DOI : 10.1002/1529-0131(199809)41:9<1552::AID-ART5>3.0.CO;2-W

J. Gorman, K. Sack, J. Davis, and . Jr, Treatment of Ankylosing Spondylitis by Inhibition of Tumor Necrosis Factor ??, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.346, issue.18, pp.1349-1356, 2002.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa012664

P. Mease, Cytokine blockers in psoriatic arthritis, Ann Rheum Dis, vol.60, issue.3, pp.37-40, 2001.

Y. Goekoop-ruiterman, J. De-vries-bouwstra, C. Allaart, D. Van-zeben, P. Kerstens et al., Clinical and radiographic outcomes of four different treatment strategies in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (the BeSt study): A randomized, controlled trial, Arthritis & Rheumatism, vol.36, issue.11, pp.126-135, 2008.
DOI : 10.1002/art.21405

E. Keystone, A. Kavanaugh, J. Sharp, H. Tannenbaum, Y. Hua et al., Radiographic, clinical, and functional outcomes of treatment with adalimumab (a human anti-tumor necrosis factor monoclonal antibody) in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis receiving concomitant methotrexate therapy: A randomized, placebo-controlled, 52-week trial, Arthritis & Rheumatism, vol.46, issue.5, pp.1400-1411, 2004.
DOI : 10.1002/art.20217

D. Van-der-heijde, L. Klareskog, R. Landewé, G. Bruyn, A. Cantagrel et al., Disease remission and sustained halting of radiographic progression with combination etanercept and methotrexate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, Arthritis & Rheumatism, vol.54, issue.12, pp.3928-3939, 2007.
DOI : 10.1002/art.23141

S. Verstappen, J. Hoes, T. Borg, E. Bijlsma, J. Blaauw et al., Joint surgery in the Utrecht Rheumatoid Arthritis Cohort: the effect of treatment strategy, Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, vol.65, issue.11, pp.1506-1511, 2006.
DOI : 10.1136/ard.2005.049957

D. Silva, E. Doran, M. Crowson, C. , O. Fallon et al., Declining use of orthopedic surgery in patients with rheumatoid arthritis? Results of a long-term, population-based assessment, Arthritis & Rheumatism, vol.49, issue.2, pp.216-220, 2003.
DOI : 10.1002/art.10998

J. Keane, G. S. Wise, R. Mirabile-levens, E. Kasznica, J. Schwieterman et al., Tuberculosis Associated with Infliximab, a Tumor Necrosis Factor ?????Neutralizing Agent, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.345, issue.15, pp.1098-1104, 2001.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa011110

F. Tubach, D. Salmon, P. Ravaud, Y. Allanore, P. Goupille et al., Risk of tuberculosis is higher with anti-tumor necrosis factor monoclonal antibody therapy than with soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor therapy: The three-year prospective french research axed on tolerance of biotherapies registry, Arthritis & Rheumatism, vol.18, issue.7, pp.1884-1894, 2009.
DOI : 10.1002/art.24632
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00400633

T. Bongartz, A. Sutton, M. Sweeting, I. Buchan, E. Matteson et al., Anti-TNF Antibody Therapy in Rheumatoid Arthritis and the Risk of Serious Infections and Malignancies, JAMA, vol.295, issue.19, pp.2275-2285, 2006.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.295.19.2275

J. Leombruno, T. Einarson, and E. Keystone, The safety of anti-tumour necrosis factor treatments in rheumatoid arthritis: meta and exposure-adjusted pooled analyses of serious adverse events, Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, vol.68, issue.7, pp.1136-1145, 2009.
DOI : 10.1136/ard.2008.091025

C. Salliot, L. Gossec, A. Ruyssen-witrand, M. Luc, M. Duclos et al., Infections during tumour necrosis factor-?? blocker therapy for rheumatic diseases in daily practice: a systematic retrospective study of 709 patients, Rheumatology, vol.46, issue.2, pp.327-334, 2007.
DOI : 10.1093/rheumatology/kel236

J. Curtis, N. Patkar, A. Xie, C. Martin, J. Allison et al., Risk of serious bacterial infections among rheumatoid arthritis patients exposed to tumor necrosis factor ?? antagonists, Arthritis & Rheumatism, vol.149, issue.4, pp.1125-1133, 2007.
DOI : 10.1002/art.22504

W. Dixon, K. Watson, M. Lunt, K. Hyrich, A. Silman et al., Rates of serious infection, including site-specific and bacterial intracellular infection, in rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving anti???tumor necrosis factor therapy: Results from the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register, Arthritis & Rheumatism, vol.50, issue.8, pp.2368-2376, 2006.
DOI : 10.1002/art.21978

S. Schneeweiss, S. Setoguchi, M. Weinblatt, J. Katz, J. Avorn et al., Anti???tumor necrosis factor ?? therapy and the risk of serious bacterial infections in elderly patients with rheumatoid arthritis, Arthritis & Rheumatism, vol.58, issue.6, pp.1754-1764, 2007.
DOI : 10.1002/art.22600

J. Sperling, T. Kosak, A. Hanssen, and R. Cofield, Infection After Shoulder Arthroplasty, Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, vol.382, pp.206-216, 2001.
DOI : 10.1097/00003086-200101000-00028

W. Harris and C. Sledge, Total Hip and Total Knee Replacement, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.323, issue.12, pp.801-807, 1990.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJM199009203231206

R. Debarge, M. Nicolle, A. Pinaroli, A. S. Selmi, T. Neyret et al., Infection du site op??ratoire apr??s arthroplastie totale de genou, Revue de Chirurgie Orthop??dique et R??paratrice de l'Appareil Moteur, vol.93, issue.6, pp.582-587, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/S0035-1040(07)92680-X

T. Bongartz, C. Halligan, D. Osmon, M. Reinalda, W. Bamlet et al., Incidence and risk factors of prosthetic joint infection after total hip or knee replacement in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, Arthritis & Rheumatism, vol.82, issue.12, pp.1713-1720, 2008.
DOI : 10.1002/art.24060

D. Chesney, J. Sales, R. Elton, and I. Brenkel, Infection After Knee Arthroplasty, The Journal of Arthroplasty, vol.23, issue.3, pp.355-359, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.arth.2007.05.052

T. Bongartz, Elective orthopedic surgery and perioperative DMARD management: many questions, fewer answers, and some opinions, J Rheumatol, vol.34, pp.653-655, 2007.

S. Talwalkar, D. Grennan, J. Gray, P. Johnson, and M. Hayton, Tumour necrosis factor ?? antagonists and early postoperative complications in patients with inflammatory joint disease undergoing elective orthopaedic surgery, Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, vol.64, issue.4, pp.650-651, 2005.
DOI : 10.1136/ard.2004.028365

C. Bibbo and J. Goldberg, Infectious and Healing Complications after Elective Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Surgery during Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Inhibition Therapy, Foot & Ankle International, vol.18, issue.5, pp.331-335, 2004.
DOI : 10.1177/107110070402500510

W. Shergy, R. Isern, D. Cooley, J. Harshbarger, J. Huffstutter et al., Profiling Remicade Onset with MTX in a Prospective Trial: Open label study to assess infliximab safety and timing of onset of clinical benefit among patients with rheumatoid arthritis, J Rheumatol, vol.29, pp.667-677, 2002.

J. Giles, S. Bartlett, A. Gelber, S. Nanda, K. Fontaine et al., Tumor necrosis factor inhibitor therapy and risk of serious postoperative orthopedic infection in rheumatoid arthritis, Arthritis & Rheumatism, vol.47, issue.2, pp.333-337, 2006.
DOI : 10.1002/art.21841

A. Ruyssen-witrand, L. Gossec, C. Salliot, M. Luc, M. Duclos et al., Complication rates of 127 surgical procedures performed in rheumatic patients receiving tumor necrosis factor alpha blockers, Clin Exp Rheumatol, vol.25, pp.430-436, 2007.

E. Berbari, A. Hanssen, M. Duffy, J. Steckelberg, D. Ilstrup et al., Risk Factors for Prosthetic Joint Infection: Case???Control Study, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol.27, issue.5, pp.1247-1254, 1998.
DOI : 10.1086/514991

F. Tubach, D. Salmon-céron, and P. Ravaud, The RATIO observatory: French registry of??opportunistic infections, severe bacterial infections, and??lymphomas complicating anti-TnF?? therapy, Joint Bone Spine, vol.72, issue.6, pp.456-460, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jbspin.2005.10.004

A. Van-gestel, J. Anderson, P. Van-riel, M. Boers, C. Haagsma et al., ACR and EULAR improvement criteria have comparable validity in rheumatoid arthritis trials American College of Rheumatology European League of Associations for Rheumatology, J Rheumatol, vol.26, pp.705-711, 1999.

J. Garner, W. Jarvis, T. Emori, T. Horan, and J. Hughes, CDC definitions for nosocomial infections, 1988, CDC definitions for nosocomial infections, pp.128-140, 1988.
DOI : 10.1016/0196-6553(88)90053-3

D. Tsukayama, R. Estrada, and R. Gustilo, Infection after Total Hip Arthroplasty. A Study of the Treatment of One Hundred and Six Infections*, The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery, vol.78, issue.4, pp.512-523, 1996.
DOI : 10.2106/00004623-199604000-00005

H. Segawa, D. Tsukayama, R. Kyle, D. Becker, and R. Gustilo, Infection After Total Knee Arthroplasty. A Retrospective Study of the Treatment of Eighty-One Infections*, The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery, vol.81, issue.10, pp.1434-1445, 1999.
DOI : 10.2106/00004623-199910000-00008

E. Berbari, D. Osmon, M. Duffy, R. Harmssen, J. Mandrekar et al., Outcome of Prosthetic Joint Infection in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: The Impact of Medical and Surgical Therapy in 200 Episodes, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol.42, issue.2, pp.216-223, 2006.
DOI : 10.1086/498507

D. Mooney, O. Reilly, M. Gamelli, and R. , Tumor Necrosis Factor and Wound Healing, Annals of Surgery, vol.211, issue.2, pp.124-129, 1990.
DOI : 10.1097/00000658-199002000-00002

M. Doran, C. Crowson, G. Pond, O. Fallon, W. Gabriel et al., Predictors of infection in rheumatoid arthritis, Arthritis & Rheumatism, vol.140, issue.9, pp.2294-2300, 2002.
DOI : 10.1002/art.10529

S. Bernatsky, M. Hudson, and S. Suissa, Anti-rheumatic drug use and risk of serious infections in rheumatoid arthritis? Rheumatology, pp.1157-1160, 2007.

S. Naveau, S. Chollet-martin, S. Dharancy, P. Mathurin, P. Jouet et al., A double-blind randomized controlled trial of infliximab associated with prednisolone in acute alcoholic hepatitis, Hepatology, vol.18, issue.Suppl 2, pp.1390-1397, 2004.
DOI : 10.1002/hep.20206

D. Broeder, A. Creemers, M. Fransen, J. De-jong, E. De-rooij et al., Risk factors for surgical site infections and other complications in elective surgery in patients with rheumatoid arthritis with special attention for anti-tumor necrosis factor: a large retrospective study, J Rheumatol, vol.34, pp.689-695, 2007.

B. Fautrel, A. Constantin, J. Morel, O. Vittecoq, A. Cantagrel et al., Recommendations of??the??French Society for??Rheumatology. TNF?? antagonist therapy in??rheumatoid arthritis, Joint Bone Spine, vol.73, issue.4, pp.433-441, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jbspin.2006.04.001
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00465298

N. Vereniging-voor-rheumatologie, Medicijnen: het toepassen van TNF blokkade in de behandeling reumatoïde artritis, 2003.

P. Went, M. Krismer, and B. Frischhut, Recurrence of infection after revision of infected hip arthroplasty, J Bone Joint Surg Br, vol.77, pp.307-309, 1995.

J. Ledingham and C. Deighton, Update on the British Society for Rheumatology guidelines for prescribing TNF?? blockers in adults with rheumatoid arthritis (update of previous guidelines of April 2001), Rheumatology, vol.44, issue.2, pp.157-163, 2001.
DOI : 10.1093/rheumatology/keh464

D. Grennan, J. Gray, J. Loudon, and S. Fear, Methotrexate and early postoperative complications in patients with rheumatoid arthritis undergoing elective orthopaedic surgery, Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, vol.60, issue.3, pp.214-217, 2001.
DOI : 10.1136/ard.60.3.214

M. Carpenter, S. West, S. Vogelgesang, C. Jones, and D. , Postoperative joint infections in rheumatoid arthritis patients on methotrexate therapy, Orthopedics, vol.19, pp.207-210, 1996.

S. Bridges, A. Lopez-mendez, K. Han, I. Tracy, and G. Alarcon, Should methotrexate be discontinued before elective orthopedic surgery in patients with rheumatoid arthritis?, J Rheumatol, vol.18, pp.984-988, 1991.

A. Stefánsdóttir, D. Johansson, K. Knutson, L. Lidgren, and O. Robertsson, Microbiology of the infected knee arthroplasty: Report from the Swedish Knee Arthroplasty Register on 426 surgically revised cases, Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.329, issue.11-12, pp.831-840, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/s11373-007-9194-y

H. Dale, G. Hallan, B. Espehaug, L. Havelin, and L. Engesaeter, Increasing risk of revision due to deep infection after hip arthroplasty, Acta Orthopaedica, vol.31, issue.466, pp.639-645, 2009.
DOI : 10.1086/520285

. Gilson, Risk factors for total joint arthroplasty infection in patients receiving tumor necrosis factor ??-blockers: a case-control study, Arthritis Research & Therapy, vol.12, issue.4, pp.10-1186, 2010.
DOI : 10.1186/ar3087
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00663730