B. Cariou, L. F. Kuipers, F. Staels, and B. , BMR: basal metabolic rate, TC: total cholesterol, TG: triglycerides, DCA: deoxycholic acid, CDCA: chenodeoxycholic acid, CA: cholic acid Role of bile acids and bile acid receptors in metabolic regulation, HOMA: homeostasis model assessment, pp.147-91, 2009.

C. Sinal, M. Tohkin, M. Miyata, J. Ward, G. Lambert et al., Targeted Disruption of the Nuclear Receptor FXR/BAR Impairs Bile Acid and Lipid Homeostasis, Cell, vol.102, issue.6, pp.731-775, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)00062-3

T. Kok, C. Hulzebos, H. Wolters, R. Havinga, L. Agellon et al., Enterohepatic Circulation of Bile Salts in Farnesoid X Receptor-deficient Mice: EFFICIENT INTESTINAL BILE SALT ABSORPTION IN THE ABSENCE OF ILEAL BILE ACID-BINDING PROTEIN, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.278, issue.43, pp.41930-41937, 2003.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M306309200

B. Cariou and B. Staels, FXR: a promising target for the metabolic syndrome?, Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, vol.28, issue.5, pp.236-279, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tips.2007.03.002

D. Duran-sandoval, B. Cariou, J. Fruchart, and B. Staels, Potential regulatory role of the farnesoid X receptor in the metabolic syndrome, Biochimie, vol.87, issue.1, pp.93-101, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biochi.2004.11.018

B. Cariou, K. Van-harmelen, D. Duran-sandoval, T. Van-dijk, A. Grefhorst et al., The Farnesoid X Receptor Modulates Adiposity and Peripheral Insulin Sensitivity in Mice, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.281, issue.16, pp.11039-11088, 2006.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M510258200

K. Ma, P. Saha, L. Chan, and D. Moore, Farnesoid X receptor is essential for normal glucose homeostasis, Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol.116, issue.4, pp.1102-1111, 2006.
DOI : 10.1172/JCI25604

Y. Zhang, F. Lee, G. Barrera, H. Lee, C. Vales et al., Activation of the nuclear receptor FXR improves hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in diabetic mice, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.103, issue.4, pp.1006-1017, 2006.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0506982103

J. Prawitt, M. Abdelkarim, J. Stroeve, I. Popescu, H. Duez et al., Farnesoid X Receptor Deficiency Improves Glucose Homeostasis in Mouse Models of Obesity, Diabetes, vol.60, issue.7, pp.1861-71, 2011.
DOI : 10.2337/db11-0030
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00605738

M. Watanabe, S. Houten, C. Mataki, M. Christoffolete, B. Kim et al., Bile acids induce energy expenditure by promoting intracellular thyroid hormone activation, Nature, vol.621, issue.7075, pp.484-493, 2006.
DOI : 10.1038/nature04330
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00188183

T. Maruyama, Y. Miyamoto, T. Nakamura, Y. Tamai, H. Okada et al., Identification of membrane-type receptor for bile acids (M-BAR), Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol.298, issue.5, pp.714-719, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-291X(02)02550-0

Y. Kawamata, R. Fujii, M. Hosoya, M. Harada, H. Yoshida et al., A G Protein-coupled Receptor Responsive to Bile Acids, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.278, issue.11, pp.9435-9475, 2003.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M209706200

C. Thomas, A. Gioiello, L. Noriega, A. Strehle, J. Oury et al., TGR5-Mediated Bile Acid Sensing Controls Glucose Homeostasis, Cell Metabolism, vol.10, issue.3, pp.167-77, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cmet.2009.08.001
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00420823

F. Stellaard, S. Langelaar, R. Kok, and C. Jakobs, Determination of plasma bile acids by capillary gas-liquid chromatography-electron capture negative chemical ionization mass fragmentography, J Lipid Res, vol.30, pp.1647-52, 1998.

R. Defronzo, J. Tobin, and R. Andres, Glucose clamp technique: a method for quantifying insulin secretion and resistance, Am J Physiol, vol.237, pp.214-223, 1979.

A. Sanyal, S. Mudaliar, R. Henry, H. Marschall, L. Morrow et al., A new therapy for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and diabetes? INT-747-the first FXR hepatic therapeutic study, Hepatology, pp.50389-390, 2009.

L. Bennion and S. Grundy, Effects of Diabetes Mellitus on Cholesterol Metabolism in Man, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.296, issue.24, pp.1365-71, 1997.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJM197706162962401

J. Abrams, H. Ginsberg, and S. Grundy, Metabolism of Cholesterol and Plasma Triglycerides in Nonketotic Diabetes Mellitus, Diabetes, vol.31, issue.10, pp.903-913, 1982.
DOI : 10.2337/diab.31.10.903

G. Brufau, F. Stellaard, K. Prado, V. Bloks, E. Jonkers et al., Improved glycemic control with colesevelam treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes is not directly associated with changes in bile acid metabolism, Hepatology, vol.284, issue.4, p.1455, 2010.
DOI : 10.1002/hep.23831

B. Staels and F. Kuipers, Bile???Acid???Sequestrants???and???the???Treatment of Type??2??Diabetes??Mellitus, Drugs, vol.291, issue.3, pp.1383-92, 2007.
DOI : 10.2165/00003495-200767100-00001

O. Shaham, R. Wei, T. Wang, C. Ricciardi, G. Lewis et al., Metabolic profiling of the human response to a glucose challenge reveals distinct axes of insulin sensitivity, Molecular Systems Biology, vol.15, p.214, 2008.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.272.28.17719

G. Brufau, M. Bahr, B. Staels, T. Claudel, J. Ockenga et al., Plasma bile acids are not associated with energy metabolism in humans, Nutrition & Metabolism, vol.7, issue.1, p.73, 2010.
DOI : 10.1186/1743-7075-7-73
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00618623