C. Holland and P. Rabbitt, The course and causes of cognitive change with advancing age, Reviews in Clinical Gerontology, vol.44, issue.01, pp.81-96, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0531-5565(87)90030-1

C. Brayne, The elephant in the room ??? healthy brains in later life, epidemiology and public health, Nature Reviews Neuroscience, vol.35, issue.3, pp.233-239, 2007.
DOI : 10.1038/nrn2091

P. Nelson, H. Braak, and W. Markesbery, Neuropathology and Cognitive Impairment in Alzheimer Disease: A Complex but Coherent Relationship, Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology, vol.68, issue.1, pp.1-14, 2009.
DOI : 10.1097/NEN.0b013e3181919a48

H. Crystal, D. Dickson, and P. Fuld, Clinico-pathologic studies in dementia: Nondemented subjects with pathologically confirmed Alzheimer's disease, Neurology, vol.38, issue.11, pp.1682-1687, 1988.
DOI : 10.1212/WNL.38.11.1682

Y. Stern, What is cognitive reserve? Theory and research application of the reserve concept, Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, vol.8, issue.03, pp.448-460, 2002.
DOI : 10.1017/S1355617702813248

H. Christensen, . Korten, . Ae, and A. Jorm, EDUCATION AND DECLINE IN COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE: COMPENSATORY BUT NOT PROTECTIVE, International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, vol.12, issue.3, pp.323-330, 1997.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1166(199703)12:3<323::AID-GPS492>3.0.CO;2-N

J. Markham and W. Greenough, Experience-driven brain plasticity: beyond the synapse, Neuron Glia Biology, vol.1, issue.04, pp.351-363, 2004.
DOI : 10.1017/S1740925X05000219

Y. Stern, B. Gurland, and T. Tatemichi, Influence of Education and Occupation on the Incidence of Alzheimer's Disease, JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol.271, issue.13, pp.1004-1010, 1994.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.1994.03510370056032

C. Qiu, L. Backman, and B. Winblad, The Influence of Education on Clinically Diagnosed Dementia Incidence and Mortality Data From the Kungsholmen Project, Archives of Neurology, vol.58, issue.12, pp.2034-2039, 2001.
DOI : 10.1001/archneur.58.12.2034

D. Evans, L. Hebert, and L. Beckett, Education and Other Measures of Socioeconomic Status and Risk of Incident Alzheimer Disease in a Defined Population of Older Persons, Archives of Neurology, vol.54, issue.11
DOI : 10.1001/archneur.1997.00550230066019

L. Launer, K. Andersen, and M. Dewey, Rates and risk factors for dementia and Alzheimer's disease: results from EURODEM pooled analyses. EURODEM Incidence Research Group and Work Groups, European Studies of Dementia. Neurology, vol.52, pp.78-84, 1999.

T. Ngandu, . Se, and E. Helkala, Education and dementia: What lies behind the association?, Neurology, vol.69, issue.14, pp.1442-1450, 2007.
DOI : 10.1212/01.wnl.0000277456.29440.16

M. Gatz, J. Mortimer, and L. Fratiglioni, Accounting for the relationship between low education and dementia: A twin study, Physiology & Behavior, vol.92, issue.1-2, pp.232-237, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.05.042

J. Mortimer, . Snowdon, . Da, and W. Markesbery, Head Circumference, Education and Risk of Dementia: Findings from the Nun Study, Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology (Neuropsychology, Development and Cognition: Section A), vol.25, issue.5, pp.671-679, 2003.
DOI : 10.1076/jcen.25.5.671.14584

D. Bennett, R. Wilson, and J. Schneider, Education modifies the relation of AD pathology to level of cognitive function in older persons, Neurology, vol.60, issue.12, pp.1909-1915, 2003.
DOI : 10.1212/01.WNL.0000069923.64550.9F

A. Brickman, . Siedlecki, . Kl, and J. Muraskin, White matter hyperintensities and cognition: Testing the reserve hypothesis, Neurobiology of Aging, vol.32, issue.9, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.10.013

M. Marmot and E. Brunner, Cohort Profile: The Whitehall II study, International Journal of Epidemiology, vol.34, issue.2, pp.251-256, 2005.
DOI : 10.1093/ije/dyh372

A. Heim, AH 4 group test of general Intelligence, 1970.

J. Borkowski, A. Benton, and O. Spreen, Word fluency and brain damage, Neuropsychologia, vol.5, issue.2, pp.135-140, 1967.
DOI : 10.1016/0028-3932(67)90015-2

J. Raven, Guide to using the Mill Hill vocabulary test with progressive matrices, 1965.

R. Wilson, . Leurgans, . Se, and P. Boyle, Neurodegenerative basis of age-related cognitive decline, Neurology, vol.75, issue.12, pp.1070-1078, 2010.
DOI : 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181f39adc

Z. Arvanitakis, F. Grodstein, and J. Bienias, Relation of NSAIDs to incident AD, change in cognitive function, and AD pathology, Neurology, vol.70, issue.23, pp.2219-2225, 2008.
DOI : 10.1212/01.wnl.0000313813.48505.86

W. Laird and J. , Random-Effects Models for Longitudinal Data, Biometrics, vol.38, issue.4, pp.963-974, 1982.
DOI : 10.2307/2529876

N. Scarmeas, . Albert, . Sm, and J. Manly, Education and rates of cognitive decline in incident Alzheimer's disease, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, vol.77, issue.3, pp.308-316, 2006.
DOI : 10.1136/jnnp.2005.072306

C. Hall, C. Derby, and A. Levalley, Education delays accelerated decline on a memory test in persons who develop dementia, Neurology, vol.69, issue.17, pp.1657-1664, 2007.
DOI : 10.1212/01.wnl.0000278163.82636.30

M. Elias, A. Beiser, and P. Wolf, The Preclinical Phase of Alzheimer Disease, Archives of Neurology, vol.57, issue.6, pp.808-813, 2000.
DOI : 10.1001/archneur.57.6.808

H. Amieva, . Le, . Gm, and X. Millet, Prodromal Alzheimer's disease: Successive emergence of the clinical symptoms, Annals of Neurology, vol.79, issue.5, pp.492-498, 2008.
DOI : 10.1002/ana.21509

L. Whalley, J. Starr, and R. Athawes, Childhood mental ability and dementia, Neurology, vol.55, issue.10, pp.1455-1459, 2000.
DOI : 10.1212/WNL.55.10.1455

S. Lee, . Buring, . Je, and N. Cook, The Relation of Education and Income to Cognitive Function among Professional Women, Neuroepidemiology, vol.26, issue.2, pp.93-101, 2006.
DOI : 10.1159/000090254

A. Koster, . Penninx, . Bw, and H. Bosma, Socioeconomic Differences in Cognitive Decline and the Role of Biomedical Factors, Annals of Epidemiology, vol.15, issue.8, pp.564-571, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.annepidem.2005.02.008

M. Richards, B. Shipley, and R. Fuhrer, Cognitive ability in childhood and cognitive decline in mid-life: longitudinal birth cohort study, BMJ, vol.328, issue.7439, p.552, 2004.
DOI : 10.1136/bmj.37972.513819.EE

K. Anstey and H. Christensen, Education, Activity, Health, Blood Pressure and Apolipoprotein E as Predictors of Cognitive Change in Old Age: A Review, Gerontology, vol.46, issue.3, pp.163-177, 2000.
DOI : 10.1159/000022153

M. Glymour, J. Weuve, and L. Berkman, When Is Baseline Adjustment Useful in Analyses of Change? An Example with Education and Cognitive Change, American Journal of Epidemiology, vol.162, issue.3, pp.267-278, 2005.
DOI : 10.1093/aje/kwi187

A. Karlamangla, D. Miller-martinez, and C. Aneshensel, Trajectories of Cognitive Function in Late Life in the United States: Demographic and Socioeconomic Predictors, American Journal of Epidemiology, vol.170, issue.3
DOI : 10.1093/aje/kwp154

G. Muniz-terrera, F. Matthews, and T. Dening, Education and trajectories of cognitive decline over 9 years in very old people: methods and risk analysis, Age and Ageing, vol.38, issue.3, pp.277-282, 2009.
DOI : 10.1093/ageing/afp004

H. Christensen, . Batterham, . Pj, and A. Mackinnon, Education, Atrophy, and Cognitive Change in an Epidemiological Sample in Early Old Age, The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, vol.17, issue.3, pp.218-226, 2009.
DOI : 10.1097/JGP.0b013e3181961a84

. Van-dijk, . Kr, . Van-gerven, . Pw, . Van-boxtel et al., No protective effects of education during normal cognitive aging: Results from the 6-year follow-up of the Maastricht Aging Study., Psychology and Aging, vol.23, issue.1, pp.119-130, 2008.
DOI : 10.1037/0882-7974.23.1.119

T. Hedden and J. Gabrieli, Insights into the ageing mind: a view from cognitive neuroscience, Nature Reviews Neuroscience, vol.5, issue.2, pp.87-96, 2004.
DOI : 10.1038/nrn1323

A. Barnett, J. Van-der-pols, and A. Dobson, Regression to the mean: what it is and how to deal with it, International Journal of Epidemiology, vol.34, issue.1, pp.215-220, 2005.
DOI : 10.1093/ije/dyh299

C. Roe, C. Xiong, and J. Miller, Education and Alzheimer disease without dementia: Support for the cognitive reserve hypothesis, Neurology, vol.68, issue.3, pp.223-228, 2007.
DOI : 10.1212/01.wnl.0000251303.50459.8a

R. Katzman, Education and the prevalence of dementia and Alzheimer's disease, Neurology, vol.43, issue.1, Part 1, pp.13-20, 1993.
DOI : 10.1212/WNL.43.1_Part_1.13

Y. Stern, Cognitive reserve???, Neuropsychologia, vol.47, issue.10, pp.2015-2028, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.03.004

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00863749

Y. Kozorovitskiy, C. Gross, and C. Kopil, Experience induces structural and biochemical changes in the adult primate brain, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.102, issue.48, pp.17478-17482, 2005.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0508817102

D. Johnson, M. Storandt, and J. Morris, Longitudinal Study of the Transition From Healthy Aging to Alzheimer Disease, Archives of Neurology, vol.66, issue.10, pp.1254-1259, 2009.
DOI : 10.1001/archneurol.2009.158

C. Finch, The neurobiology of middle-age has arrived, Neurobiology of Aging, vol.30, issue.4, pp.515-520, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.11.011

N. Filippini, . Macintosh, . Bj, and M. Hough, Distinct patterns of brain activity in young carriers of the APOE-??4 allele, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.106, issue.17, pp.7209-7214, 2009.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0811879106