It is a central dogma of female reproductive biology that oogenesis ceases around the time of birth in mammalian species. In 2004 and 2005, two studies were published by Johnson et al., in which they claimed that in the adult mouse ovary, neo-oogenesis takes place and originates from female germline stem cells that are present in either the ovarian surface epithelium or bone marrow. Following these publications, experiments showed that non-germinal stem cells could generate oocytes. However, in the mouse, ability of extra-ovarian stem cells to refurbish the ovary in new oocytes competent to ovulate, and subsequent existence of a spontaneous neo-oogenesis in the adult ovary in normal physiologic conditions, have been disputed. Morphologic studies performed in the adult mouse ovary showed that atresia of the immature follicle pool was strongly overestimated by Johnson et al., and that no intermediary stages of meiosis were seen. These observations led to the conclusion that adult female mice do not need neo-oogenesis for maintaining a normal reproductive function. However, a recent study have shown that female germline stem cells might be present in the ovarian surface epithelium in mice and humans. When sampled in GFP transgenic mice, cultured for a long period and transplanted into ovaries of sterilized mice, these cells underwent oogenesis and the mice produced offsprings. These new data support the possibility to experimentally restore fertility in women suffering from a premature ovarian failure.