J. Abouzaglou, C. Benistant, M. Gimona, C. Roustan, R. Kassab et al., Tyrosine phosphorylation of calponins, European Journal of Biochemistry, vol.115, issue.13, pp.2615-2623, 2004.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.04190.x

C. Agassandian, M. Plantier, A. Fattoum, A. Represa, and E. Der-terrossian, Subcellular distribution of calponin and caldesmon in rat hippocampus, Brain Research, vol.887, issue.2, pp.444-449, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-8993(00)03030-4

D. Allison, V. Gelfand, I. Spector, and A. Craig, Role of actin in anchoring postsynaptic receptors in cultured hippocampal neurons: differential attachment of NMDA versus AMPA receptors, J Neurosci, vol.18, pp.2423-2436, 1998.

P. Andersen, A spine to remember, Nature, vol.399, issue.6731, pp.19-21, 1999.
DOI : 10.1038/19857

D. Applegate, W. Feng, R. Green, and M. Taubman, Cloning and expression of a novel acidic calponin isoform from rat aortic vascular smooth muscle, J Biol Chem, vol.269, pp.10683-10690, 1994.

H. Asada, K. Uyemura, and T. Shirao, Actin-Binding protein, drebrin, accumulates in submembranous regions in parallel with neuronal differentiation, Journal of Neuroscience Research, vol.35, issue.2, pp.149-159, 1994.
DOI : 10.1002/jnr.490380205

C. Bailey and E. Kandel, Structural Changes Accompanying Memory Storage, Annual Review of Physiology, vol.55, issue.1, pp.397-426, 1993.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.ph.55.030193.002145

J. Beique and R. Andrade, PSD-95 regulates synaptic transmission and plasticity in rat cerebral cortex, The Journal of Physiology, vol.5, issue.3, pp.859-867, 2003.
DOI : 10.1113/jphysiol.2002.031369

D. Benson, F. Watkins, O. Steward, and G. Banker, Characterization of GABAergic neurons in hippocampal cell cultures, Journal of Neurocytology, vol.280, issue.5, pp.279-295, 1994.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01188497

N. Bogatcheva and N. Gusev, Interaction of smooth muscle calponin with phospholipids, FEBS Letters, vol.117, issue.2, pp.123-126, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0014-5793(95)00868-A

C. Boyer, T. Schikorski, and C. Stevens, Comparison of hippocampal dendritic spines in culture and in brain, J Neurosci, vol.18, pp.5294-5300, 1998.

G. Brewer, Serum-free B27/neurobasal medium supports differentiated growth of neurons from the striatum, substantia nigra, septum, cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and dentate gyrus, Journal of Neuroscience Research, vol.115, issue.5, pp.674-683, 1995.
DOI : 10.1002/jnr.490420510

F. Buss, C. Temm-grove, S. Henning, and B. Jockusch, Distribution of profilin in fibroblasts correlates with the presence of highly dynamic actin filaments, Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton, vol.1, issue.Suppl. 30, pp.51-61, 1992.
DOI : 10.1002/cm.970220106

L. Carlsson, L. Nystrom, I. Sundkvist, F. Markey, and U. Lindberg, Actin polymerizability is influenced by profilin, a low molecular weight protein in non-muscle cells, Journal of Molecular Biology, vol.115, issue.3, pp.465-483, 1977.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-2836(77)90166-8

T. Comery, J. Harris, P. Willems, B. Oostra, S. Irwin et al., Abnormal dendritic spines in fragile X knockout mice: Maturation and pruning deficits, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.94, issue.10, pp.5401-5404, 1997.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.94.10.5401

M. Dailey and S. Smith, The dynamics of dendritic structure in developing hippocampal slices, J Neurosci, vol.16, pp.2983-2994, 1996.

C. Danninger and M. Gimona, Live dynamics of GFP-calponin: isoform-specific modulation of the actin cytoskeleton and autoregulation by C-terminal sequences, J Cell Sci, vol.113, pp.3725-3736, 2000.

D. Drenckhahn and H. Kaiser, Evidence for the concentration of F-actin and myosin in synapses and in the plasmalemmal zone of axons, Eur J Cell Biol, vol.31, pp.235-240, 1983.

A. Dunaevsky, A. Tashiro, A. Majewska, C. Mason, and R. Yuste, Developmental regulation of spine motility in the mammalian central nervous system, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.96, issue.23, pp.13438-13443, 1999.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.96.23.13438

A. El-husseini, E. Schnell, D. Chetkovich, R. Nicoll, and D. Bredt, PSD-95 involvement in maturation of excitatory synapses, Science, vol.290, pp.1364-1368, 2000.

F. Engert and T. Bonhoeffer, Dendritic spine changes associated with hippocampal long-term synaptic plasticity, Nature, vol.399, pp.66-70, 1999.

I. Ethell and Y. Yamaguchi, Cell Surface Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan Syndecan-2 Induces the Maturation of Dendritic Spines in Rat Hippocampal Neurons, The Journal of Cell Biology, vol.9, issue.3, pp.575-586, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80283-4

L. Ferhat, G. Charton, A. Represa, Y. Ben-ari, E. Der-terrossian et al., Acidic Calponin Cloned from Neural Cells is Differentially Expressed During Rat Brain Development, European Journal of Neuroscience, vol.5, issue.7, pp.1501-1509, 1996.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1460-9568.1996.tb01612.x

L. Ferhat, G. Rami, I. Medina, Y. Ben-ari, and A. Represa, Process formation results from the imbalance between motor-mediated forces, J Cell Sci, vol.114, pp.3899-3904, 2001.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00484926

L. Ferhat, M. Esclapez, A. Represa, A. Fattoum, T. Shirao et al., Increased levels of acidic calponin during dendritic spine plasticity after pilocarpine-induced seizures, Hippocampus, vol.16, issue.7, pp.845-858, 2003.
DOI : 10.1002/hipo.10136

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00484791

J. Fiala, M. Feinberg, V. Popov, and K. Harris, Synaptogenesis via dendritic filopodia in developing hippocampal area CA1, J Neurosci, vol.18, pp.8900-8911, 1998.

E. Fifkova and R. Delay, Cytoplasmic actin in neuronal processes as a possible mediator of synaptic plasticity, The Journal of Cell Biology, vol.95, issue.1, pp.345-350, 1982.
DOI : 10.1083/jcb.95.1.345

M. Fischer, S. Kaech, D. Knutti, and A. Matus, Rapid Actin-Based Plasticity in Dendritic Spines, Neuron, vol.20, issue.5, pp.847-854, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80467-5

T. Fujii, S. Yabe, K. Nakamura, and Y. Koizumi, Functional Analysis of Rat Acidic Calponin, Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, vol.25, issue.5, pp.573-579, 2002.
DOI : 10.1248/bpb.25.573

Y. Fukui, H. Masuda, M. Takagi, K. Takahashi, and K. Kiyokane, The presence of h2-calponin in human keratinocyte, Journal of Dermatological Science, vol.14, issue.1, pp.29-36, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0923-1811(96)00545-2

M. Gimona and J. Small, Calponin Biochemistry of smooth muscle contraction, pp.91-103, 1996.

K. Goslin and G. Banker, Culturing nerve cells, 1991.

E. Gray, Axo-somatic and axo-dendritic synapses of the cerebral cortex. An electron microscope study, J Anat, vol.93, pp.420-433, 1959.

J. Haeberle, Calponin decreases the rate of cross-bridge cycling and increases maximum force production by smooth muscle myosin in an in vitro motility assay, J Biol Chem, vol.269, pp.12424-12431, 1994.

A. Hall, Small GTP-Binding Proteins and the Regulation of the Actin Cytoskeleton, Annual Review of Cell Biology, vol.10, issue.1, pp.31-54, 1994.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.cb.10.110194.000335

K. Harris and S. Kater, Dendritic Spines: Cellular Specializations Imparting Both Stability and Flexibility to Synaptic Function, Annual Review of Neuroscience, vol.17, issue.1, pp.341-371, 1994.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.ne.17.030194.002013

K. Hayashi and T. Shirao, Change in the shape of dendritic spines caused by overexpression of drebrin in cultured cortical neurons, J Neurosci, vol.19, pp.3918-3925, 1999.

K. Hayashi, R. Ishikawa, L. Ye, X. He, K. Takata et al., Modulatory role of drebrin on the cytoskeleton within dendritic spines in the rat cerebral cortex, J Neurosci, vol.16, pp.7161-7170, 1996.

H. Hering and M. Sheng, DENDRITIC SPINES: STRUCTURE, DYNAMICS AND REGULATION, Nature Reviews Neuroscience, vol.2, issue.12, pp.880-888, 2001.
DOI : 10.1038/35104061

H. Hering and M. Sheng, Activity-dependent redistribution and essential role of cortactin in dendritic spine morphogenesis, J Neurosci, vol.23, pp.11759-11769, 2003.

V. Hinton, W. Brown, K. Wisniewski, and R. Rudelli, Analysis of neocortex in three males with the fragile X syndrome, American Journal of Medical Genetics, vol.38, issue.3, pp.289-294, 1991.
DOI : 10.1002/ajmg.1320410306

C. Horner, Plasticity of the dendritic spine, Progress in Neurobiology, vol.41, issue.3, pp.281-321, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0301-0082(93)90002-A

G. Incorpora, G. Sorge, A. Sorge, and L. Pavone, Epilepsy in fragile X syndrome, Brain and Development, vol.24, issue.8, pp.766-769, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0387-7604(02)00102-X

S. Irwin, R. Galvez, and W. Greenough, Dendritic Spine Structural Anomalies in Fragile-X Mental Retardation Syndrome, Cerebral Cortex, vol.10, issue.10, pp.1038-1044, 2000.
DOI : 10.1093/cercor/10.10.1038

S. Irwin, B. Patel, M. Idupulapati, J. Harris, R. Crisostomo et al., Abnormal dendritic spine characteristics in the temporal and visual cortices of patients with fragile-X syndrome: A quantitative examination, American Journal of Medical Genetics, vol.38, issue.2, pp.161-167, 2001.
DOI : 10.1002/1096-8628(20010115)98:2<161::AID-AJMG1025>3.0.CO;2-B

M. Isokawa, Remodeling dendritic spines in the rat pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy, Neuroscience Letters, vol.258, issue.2, pp.73-76, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0304-3940(98)00848-9

M. Isokawa, Remodeling Dendritic Spines of Dentate Granule Cells in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Patients and the Rat Pilocarpine Model, Epilepsia, vol.77, issue.s6, pp.14-17, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/0006-8993(96)00118-7

T. Kake, S. Kimura, K. Takahashi, and K. Maruyama, Calponin induces actin polymerization at low ionic strength and inhibits depolymerization of actin filaments, Biochemical Journal, vol.312, issue.2, pp.587-592, 1995.
DOI : 10.1042/bj3120587

J. Kolakowski, R. Makuch, D. Stepkowski, and R. Dabrowska, Interaction of calponin with actin and its functional implications, Biochemical Journal, vol.306, issue.1, pp.199-204, 1995.
DOI : 10.1042/bj3060199

S. Lee and M. Sheng, Development of neuron???neuron synapses, Current Opinion in Neurobiology, vol.10, issue.1, pp.125-131, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00046-X

B. Lendvai, E. Stern, B. Chen, and K. Svoboda, Experience-dependent plasticity of dendritic spines in the developing rat barrel cortex in vivo, Nature, vol.404, issue.6780, pp.876-881, 2000.
DOI : 10.1038/35009107

C. Lin, E. Espreafico, M. Mooseker, and P. Forscher, Myosin Drives Retrograde F-Actin Flow in Neuronal Growth Cones, Neuron, vol.16, issue.4, pp.769-782, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80097-5

G. Losi, K. Prybylowski, Z. Fu, J. Luo, R. Wenthold et al., PSD-95 regulates NMDA receptors in developing cerebellar granule neurons of the rat, The Journal of Physiology, vol.548, issue.1, pp.21-29, 2003.
DOI : 10.1113/jphysiol.2002.034918

L. Luo, T. Hensch, L. Ackerman, S. Barbel, and J. Ly, Differential effects of the Rac GTPase on Purkinje cell axons and dendritic trunks and spines, Nature, vol.379, issue.6568, pp.837-840, 1996.
DOI : 10.1038/379837a0

M. Maletic-savatic, R. Malinow, and K. Svoboda, Rapid Dendritic Morphogenesis in CA1 Hippocampal Dendrites Induced by Synaptic Activity, Science, vol.283, issue.5409, pp.1923-1927, 1999.
DOI : 10.1126/science.283.5409.1923

A. Matus, Actin-Based Plasticity in Dendritic Spines, Science, vol.290, issue.5492, pp.754-758, 2000.
DOI : 10.1126/science.290.5492.754

A. Matus, M. Ackermann, G. Pehling, H. Byers, and K. Fujiwara, High actin concentrations in brain dendritic spines and postsynaptic densities., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.79, issue.23, pp.7590-7594, 1982.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.79.23.7590

Y. Meng, Y. Zhang, V. Tregoubov, J. C. Cruz, L. Jackson et al., Abnormal Spine Morphology and Enhanced LTP in LIMK-1 Knockout Mice, Neuron, vol.35, issue.1, pp.121-133, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0896-6273(02)00758-4

M. Mezgueldi, A. Fattoum, J. Derancourt, and R. Kassab, Mapping of the functional domains in the amino-terminal region of calponin, J Biol Chem, vol.267, pp.15943-15951, 1992.

M. Mezgueldi, C. Mendre, B. Calas, R. Kassab, and A. Fattoum, Characterization of the Regulatory Domain of Gizzard Calponin: INTERACTIONS OF THE 145-163 REGION WITH F-ACTIN, CALCIUM-BINDING PROTEINS, AND TROPOMYOSIN, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.270, issue.15, pp.8867-8876, 1995.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.270.15.8867

T. Mino, U. Yuasa, F. Nakamura, M. Naka, and T. Tanaka, Two distinct actin-binding sites of smooth muscle calponin, European Journal of Biochemistry, vol.251, issue.1-2, pp.262-268, 1998.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1998.2510262.x

M. Morales and E. Fifkova, In situ localization of myosin and actin in dendritic spines with the immunogold technique, Journal of Comparative Neurology, vol.6, issue.4, pp.666-674, 1989.
DOI : 10.1002/cne.902790412

M. Moser, M. Trommald, and P. Andersen, An increase in dendritic spine density on hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells following spatial learning in adult rats suggests the formation of new synapses., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.91, issue.26, pp.12673-12675, 1994.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.91.26.12673

S. Musumeci, P. Bosco, G. Calabrese, C. Bakker, D. Sarro et al., Audiogenic Seizures Susceptibility in Transgenic Mice with Fragile X Syndrome, Epilepsia, vol.17, issue.1, pp.19-23, 2000.
DOI : 10.1093/hmg/5.8.1083

T. Nakagawa, J. Engler, and M. Sheng, The dynamic turnover and functional roles of ??-actinin in dendritic spines, Neuropharmacology, vol.47, issue.5, pp.734-745, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2004.07.022

E. Nimchinsky, A. Oberlander, and K. Svoboda, Abnormal development of dendritic spines in FMR1 knock-out mice, J Neurosci, vol.21, pp.5139-5146, 2001.

M. Papa, M. Bundman, V. Greenberger, and M. Segal, Morphological analysis of dendritic spine development in primary cultures of hippocampal neurons, J Neurosci, vol.15, pp.1-11, 1995.

J. Parnavelas, K. Sullivan, A. Lieberman, and K. Webster, Neurons and their synaptic organization in the visual cortex of the rat, Cell and Tissue Research, vol.183, issue.4, pp.499-517, 1977.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00225663

P. Penzes, R. Johnson, R. Sattler, X. Zhang, R. Huganir et al., The Neuronal Rho-GEF Kalirin-7 Interacts with PDZ Domain???Containing Proteins and Regulates Dendritic Morphogenesis, Neuron, vol.29, issue.1, pp.229-242, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0896-6273(01)00193-3

A. Peters, S. Palay, and H. Webster, The fine structure of the nervous system, 1976.

M. Plantier, A. Fattoum, B. Menn, Y. Ben-ari, D. Terrossian et al., Acidic calponin immunoreactivity in postnatal rat brain and cultures: subcellular localization in growth cones, under the plasma membrane and along actin and glial filaments, European Journal of Neuroscience, vol.327, issue.8, pp.2801-2812, 1999.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00702.x

O. Prange and T. Murphy, Modular transport of postsynaptic den- sity-95 clusters and association with stable spine precursors during early development of cortical neurons, J Neurosci, vol.21, pp.9325-9333, 2001.

A. Rao, E. Kim, M. Sheng, and A. Craig, Heterogeneity in the molecular composition of excitatory postsynaptic sites during development of hippocampal neurons in culture, J Neurosci, vol.18, pp.1217-1229, 1998.

S. Reeve, L. Bassetto, G. Genova, Y. Kleyner, M. Leyssen et al., The Drosophila Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein Controls Actin Dynamics by Directly Regulating Profilin in the Brain, Current Biology, vol.15, issue.12, pp.1156-1163, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cub.2005.05.050

A. Represa, I. Jorquera, L. Gal-la-salle, G. Ben-ari, and Y. , Epilepsy induced collateral sprouting of hippocampal mossy fibers: Does it induce the development of ectopic synapses with granule cell dendrites?, Hippocampus, vol.5, issue.3, pp.257-268, 1993.
DOI : 10.1002/hipo.450030303

M. Rothkegel, O. Mayboroda, M. Rohde, C. Wucherpfennig, R. Valenta et al., Plant and animal profilins are functionally equivalent and stabilize microfilaments in living animal cells, J Cell Sci, vol.109, pp.83-90, 1996.

R. Rudelli, W. Brown, K. Wisniewski, E. Jenkins, M. Laure-kamionowska et al., Adult fragile X syndrome, Acta Neuropathologica, vol.29, issue.3-4, pp.289-295, 1985.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00687814

S. Saito, S. Watabe, H. Ozaki, N. Fusetani, and H. Karaki, Mycalolide B, a novel actin depolymerizing agent, J Biol Chem, vol.269, pp.29710-29714, 1994.

M. Sheng, Molecular organization of the postsynaptic specialization, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.98, issue.13, pp.7058-7061, 2001.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.111146298

V. Shirinsky, K. Biryukov, J. Hettasch, and J. Sellers, Inhibition of the relative movement of actin and myosin by caldesmon and calponin, J Biol Chem, vol.267, pp.15886-15892, 1992.

I. Spector, N. Shochet, D. Blasberger, and Y. Kashman, Latrunculins?novel marine macrolides that disrupt microfilament organization and affect cell growth: I. Comparison with cytochalasin D, Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton, vol.126, issue.3, pp.127-144, 1989.
DOI : 10.1002/cm.970130302

H. Takahashi, Y. Sekino, S. Tanaka, T. Mizui, S. Kishi et al., Drebrin-dependent actin clustering in dendritic filopodia governs synaptic targeting of postsynaptic density-95 and dendritic spine morphogenesis, J Neurosci, vol.23, pp.6586-6595, 2003.

S. Taniguchi, M. Takeoka, T. Ehara, S. Hashimoto, H. Shibuki et al., Structural fragility of blood vessels and peritoneum in calponin h1-deficient mice, resulting in an increase in hematogenous metastasis and peritoneal dissemination of malignant tumor cells, Cancer Res, vol.61, pp.7627-7634, 2001.

N. Toni, P. Buchs, I. Nikonenko, C. Bron, and D. Muller, LTP promotes formation of multiple spine synapses between a single axon terminal and a dendrite, Nature, vol.402, pp.421-425, 1999.

J. Trachtenberg, B. Chen, G. Knott, G. Feng, J. Sanes et al., Long-term in vivo imaging of experience-dependent synaptic plasticity in adult cortex, Nature, vol.9, issue.6917, pp.788-794, 2002.
DOI : 10.1038/89460

S. Winder and M. Walsh, Calponin, Calponin. Curr Top Cell Regul, vol.34, pp.33-61, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/S0070-2137(96)80002-1

S. Winder, B. Allen, O. Clement-chomienne, and M. Walsh, Regulation of smooth muscle actin-myosin interaction and force by calponin, Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, vol.85, issue.4, pp.415-426, 1998.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-201X.1998.tb10697.x

N. Ziv and S. Smith, Evidence for a Role of Dendritic Filopodia in Synaptogenesis and Spine Formation, Neuron, vol.17, issue.1, pp.91-102, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80283-4