K. Ritchie and S. Lovestone, The dementias, The Lancet, vol.360, issue.9347, pp.1759-66, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11667-9

C. Ferri, M. Prince, C. Brayne, H. Brodaty, L. Fratiglioni et al., Global prevalence of dementia: a Delphi consensus study, The Lancet, vol.366, issue.9503, pp.2112-2119, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67889-0

C. Brayne, The elephant in the room ??? healthy brains in later life, epidemiology and public health, Nature Reviews Neuroscience, vol.35, issue.3, pp.233-242, 2007.
DOI : 10.1038/nrn2091

C. Helmer, F. Pasquier, and J. Dartigues, ??pid??miologie de la maladie d???Alzheimer et des syndromes apparent??s, m??decine/sciences, vol.22, issue.3, pp.288-96, 2006.
DOI : 10.1051/medsci/2006223288

V. Hachinski, Shifts in Thinking About Dementia, JAMA, vol.300, issue.18, pp.2172-2175, 2008.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.2008.525

C. Holland and P. Rabbitt, The course and causes of cognitive change with advancing age, Reviews in Clinical Gerontology, vol.44, issue.01, pp.81-96, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0531-5565(87)90030-1

H. Amieva, G. Le, X. Millet, J. Orgogozo, K. Peres et al., Prodromal Alzheimer's disease: Successive emergence of the clinical symptoms, Annals of Neurology, vol.79, issue.5, pp.492-500, 2008.
DOI : 10.1002/ana.21509

R. Petersen, G. Smith, S. Waring, R. Ivnik, E. Kokmen et al., Aging, Memory, and Mild Cognitive Impairment, International Psychogeriatrics, vol.9, issue.S1, pp.65-74, 1997.
DOI : 10.1017/S1041610297004717

H. Chertkow, Mild cognitive impairment, Current Opinion in Neurology, vol.15, issue.4, pp.401-408, 2002.
DOI : 10.1097/00019052-200208000-00001

S. Gauthier, B. Reisberg, M. Zaudig, R. Petersen, K. Ritchie et al., Mild cognitive impairment, The Lancet, vol.367, issue.9518, pp.1262-70, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68542-5

B. Ska and Y. Joanette, Vieillissement normal et cognition, m??decine/sciences, vol.22, issue.3, pp.284-291, 2006.
DOI : 10.1051/medsci/2006223284

L. Whalley, F. Dick, and G. Mcneill, A life-course approach to the aetiology of late-onset dementias, The Lancet Neurology, vol.5, issue.1, pp.87-96, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/S1474-4422(05)70286-6

M. Kivipelto, T. Ngandu, T. Laatikainen, B. Winblad, H. Soininen et al., Risk score for the prediction of dementia risk in 20 years among middle aged people: a longitudinal, population-based study, The Lancet Neurology, vol.5, issue.9, pp.735-776, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/S1474-4422(06)70537-3

M. Kivipelto, T. Ngandu, L. Fratiglioni, M. Viitanen, I. Kareholt et al., Obesity and Vascular Risk Factors at Midlife and the Risk of Dementia and Alzheimer Disease, Archives of Neurology, vol.62, issue.10, pp.1556-60, 2005.
DOI : 10.1001/archneur.62.10.1556

T. Anttila, E. Helkala, M. Viitanen, I. Kareholt, L. Fratiglioni et al., Alcohol drinking in middle age and subsequent risk of mild cognitive impairment and dementia in old age: a prospective population based study, BMJ, vol.329, issue.7465, p.539, 2004.
DOI : 10.1136/bmj.38181.418958.BE

M. Kivipelto, E. Helkala, M. Laakso, T. Hanninen, M. Hallikainen et al., Midlife vascular risk factors and Alzheimer's disease in later life: longitudinal, population based study, BMJ, vol.322, issue.7300, pp.1447-51, 2001.
DOI : 10.1136/bmj.322.7300.1447

S. Rovio, I. Kareholt, E. Helkala, M. Viitanen, B. Winblad et al., Leisure-time physical activity at midlife and the risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease, The Lancet Neurology, vol.4, issue.11, pp.705-716, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/S1474-4422(05)70198-8

L. Launer, The epidemiologic study of dementia: a life-long quest?, Neurobiology of Aging, vol.26, issue.3, pp.335-375, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2004.03.016

D. Kuh and Y. Ben-shlomo, Introduction, pp.3-14, 1997.
DOI : 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198578154.003.0001

D. Gustafson, Adiposity indices and dementia, The Lancet Neurology, vol.5, issue.8, pp.713-733, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/S1474-4422(06)70526-9

M. Elias, L. Sullivan, D. Agostino, R. Elias, P. Beiser et al., Framingham Stroke Risk Profile and Lowered Cognitive Performance, Stroke, vol.35, issue.2, pp.404-413, 2004.
DOI : 10.1161/01.STR.0000103141.82869.77

M. Richards, M. Jarvis, N. Thompson, and M. Wadsworth, Cigarette Smoking and Cognitive Decline in Midlife: Evidence From a Prospective Birth Cohort Study, American Journal of Public Health, vol.93, issue.6, pp.994-1002, 2003.
DOI : 10.2105/AJPH.93.6.994

M. Cournot, J. Marquie, D. Ansiau, C. Martinaud, H. Fonds et al., Relation between body mass index and cognitive function in healthy middle-aged men and women, Neurology, vol.67, issue.7, pp.1208-1222, 2006.
DOI : 10.1212/01.wnl.0000238082.13860.50

L. Launer, K. Masaki, H. Petrovitch, D. Foley, and R. Havlik, The association between midlife blood pressure levels and late-life cognitive function. The Honolulu-Asia Aging Study, JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol.274, issue.23, pp.1846-51, 1995.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.274.23.1846

M. Richards, R. Hardy, and M. Wadsworth, ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AND MIDLIFE COGNITIVE CHANGE IN THE BRITISH 1946 BIRTH COHORT STUDY, Alcohol and Alcoholism, vol.40, issue.2, pp.112-119, 2005.
DOI : 10.1093/alcalc/agh126

A. Singh-manoux and M. Marmot, High blood pressure was associated with cognitive function in middle-age in the Whitehall II study, Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, vol.58, issue.12, pp.1308-1323, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2005.03.016
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-01155147

A. Singh-manoux, S. Sabia, M. Lajnef, J. Ferrie, H. Nabi et al., History of coronary heart disease and cognitive performance in midlife: the Whitehall II study, European Heart Journal, vol.29, issue.17, pp.2100-2107, 2008.
DOI : 10.1093/eurheartj/ehn298
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00309075

P. Wolf, A. Beiser, M. Elias, R. Au, R. Vasan et al., Relation of Obesity to Cognitive Function: Importance of Central Obesity and Synergistic Influence of Concomitant Hypertension. The Framingham Heart Study, Current Alzheimer Research, vol.4, issue.2, pp.111-117, 2007.
DOI : 10.2174/156720507780362263

K. Anstey, S. Von, A. Salim, O. Kearney, and R. , Smoking as a Risk Factor for Dementia and Cognitive Decline: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies, American Journal of Epidemiology, vol.166, issue.4, pp.367-78, 2007.
DOI : 10.1093/aje/kwm116

T. Cukierman, H. Gerstein, and J. Williamson, Cognitive decline and dementia in diabetes???systematic overview of prospective observational studies, Diabetologia, vol.53, issue.Suppl 5, pp.2460-2469, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s00125-005-0023-4

M. Espeland, L. Gu, K. Masaki, R. Langer, L. Coker et al., Association between Reported Alcohol Intake and Cognition: Results from the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study, American Journal of Epidemiology, vol.161, issue.3, pp.228-266, 2005.
DOI : 10.1093/aje/kwi043

S. Kalmijn, E. Feskens, L. Launer, and D. Kromhout, Cerebrovascular Disease, the Apolipoprotein e4 Allele, and Cognitive Decline in a Community-Based Study of Elderly Men, Stroke, vol.27, issue.12, pp.2230-2235, 1996.
DOI : 10.1161/01.STR.27.12.2230

J. Kang, A. Ascherio, and F. Grodstein, Fruit and vegetable consumption and cognitive decline in aging women, Annals of Neurology, vol.89, issue.5, pp.713-733, 2005.
DOI : 10.1002/ana.20476

R. Peters, J. Peters, J. Warner, N. Beckett, and C. Bulpitt, Alcohol, dementia and cognitive decline in the elderly: a systematic review, Age and Ageing, vol.37, issue.5, pp.505-517, 2008.
DOI : 10.1093/ageing/afn095

M. Marmot and E. Brunner, Cohort Profile: The Whitehall II study, International Journal of Epidemiology, vol.34, issue.2, pp.251-257, 2005.
DOI : 10.1093/ije/dyh372

A. Heim, AH 4 group test of general Intelligence, 1970.

J. Raven, Guide to using the Mill Hill vocabulary test with progressive matrices, 1965.

J. Borkowski, A. Benton, and O. Spreen, Word fluency and brain damage, Neuropsychologia, vol.5, issue.2, pp.135-175, 1967.
DOI : 10.1016/0028-3932(67)90015-2

M. Folstein, S. Folstein, and P. Mchugh, ???Mini-mental state???, Journal of Psychiatric Research, vol.12, issue.3, pp.189-98, 1975.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6

Y. Stern, What is cognitive reserve? Theory and research application of the reserve concept, Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, vol.8, issue.03, pp.448-60, 2002.
DOI : 10.1017/S1355617702813248

Y. Stern, The Concept of Cognitive Reserve: A Catalyst for Research, Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology (Neuropsychology, Development and Cognition: Section A), vol.25, issue.5, pp.589-93, 2003.
DOI : 10.1076/jcen.25.5.589.14571

A. Singh-manoux, M. Richards, and M. Marmot, Socioeconomic Position across the Lifecourse: How Does it Relate to Cognitive Function in Mid-life?, Annals of Epidemiology, vol.15, issue.8, pp.572-580, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.annepidem.2004.10.007
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-01155197

T. Akbaraly, A. Singh-manoux, M. Marmot, and E. Brunner, Education Attenuates the Association between Dietary Patterns and Cognition, Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, vol.27, issue.2, pp.147-54, 2009.
DOI : 10.1159/000199235
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00364826

A. Singh-manoux, A. Britton, M. Kivimaki, A. Gueguen, J. Halcox et al., Socioeconomic status moderates the association between carotid intima-media thickness and cognition in midlife: Evidence from the Whitehall II study, Atherosclerosis, vol.197, issue.2, pp.541-549, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.08.010
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00226364

B. Mcguinness, S. Todd, P. Passmore, and R. Bullock, The effects of blood pressure lowering on development of cognitive impairment and dementia in patients without apparent prior cerebrovascular disease, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, issue.2, p.4034, 2006.
DOI : 10.1002/14651858.CD004034

R. Stewart, L. White, Q. Xue, and L. Launer, Twenty-six???Year Change in Total Cholesterol Levels and Incident Dementia, Archives of Neurology, vol.64, issue.1, pp.103-110, 2007.
DOI : 10.1001/archneur.64.1.103

C. Brayne, Smoking and the brain, BMJ, vol.320, issue.7242, pp.1087-1095, 2000.
DOI : 10.1136/bmj.320.7242.1087

P. Heyn, B. Abreu, and K. Ottenbacher, The effects of exercise training on elderly persons with cognitive impairment and dementia: A meta-analysis11No commercial party having a direct financial interest in the results of the research supporting this article has or will confer a benefit upon the author(s) or upon any organization with which the author(s) is/are associated., Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, vol.85, issue.10, pp.1694-704, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.apmr.2004.03.019

A. Singh-manoux, A. Britton, and M. Marmot, Vascular Disease and Cognitive Function: Evidence from the Whitehall II Study, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, vol.62, issue.10, pp.1445-50, 2003.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1532-5415.2003.51464.x
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-01154137

M. Kumari and M. Marmot, Diabetes and cognitive function in a middle-aged cohort: Findings from the Whitehall II study, Neurology, vol.65, issue.10, pp.1597-603, 2005.
DOI : 10.1212/01.wnl.0000184521.80820.e4

A. Singh-manoux, D. Gimeno, M. Kivimaki, E. Brunner, and M. Marmot, Low HDL Cholesterol Is a Risk Factor for Deficit and Decline in Memory in Midlife, Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, vol.28, issue.8, pp.1556-62, 2008.
DOI : 10.1161/ATVBAHA.108.163998
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00277029

A. Britton, A. Singh-manoux, and M. Marmot, Alcohol Consumption and Cognitive Function in the Whitehall II Study, American Journal of Epidemiology, vol.160, issue.3, pp.240-247, 2004.
DOI : 10.1093/aje/kwh206
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-01154204

A. Singh-manoux, M. Hillsdon, E. Brunner, and M. Marmot, Effects of Physical Activity on Cognitive Functioning in Middle Age: Evidence From the Whitehall II Prospective Cohort Study, American Journal of Public Health, vol.95, issue.12, pp.2252-2260, 2005.
DOI : 10.2105/AJPH.2004.055574
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-01155214

S. Sabia, C. Dufouil, M. Marmot, and A. Singh-manoux, Smoking History and Cognitive Function in Middle Age From the Whitehall II Study, Archives of Internal Medicine, vol.168, issue.11, pp.1165-73, 2008.
DOI : 10.1001/archinte.168.11.1165
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00291578

S. Sabia, M. Kivimaki, M. Shipley, M. Marmot, and A. Singh-manoux, Body mass index over the adult life course and cognition in late midlife: the Whitehall II Cohort Study, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol.89, issue.2, pp.601-608, 2009.
DOI : 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26482
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00353140

A. Singh-manoux, M. Richards, and M. Marmot, Leisure activities and cognitive function in middle age: evidence from the Whitehall II study, Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, vol.57, issue.11, pp.907-920, 2003.
DOI : 10.1136/jech.57.11.907
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-01154130

S. Sabia, A. Guéguen, M. Marmot, M. Shipley, J. Ankri et al., Does cognition predict mortality in midlife? Results from the Whitehall II cohort study, Neurobiology of Aging, vol.31, issue.4, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.05.007
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00291584

D. Kuh, M. Richards, R. Hardy, S. Butterworth, and M. Wadsworth, Childhood cognitive ability and deaths up until middle age: a post-war birth cohort study, International Journal of Epidemiology, vol.33, issue.2, pp.408-421, 2004.
DOI : 10.1093/ije/dyh043

M. Elovainio, M. Kivimaki, J. Ferrie, D. Gimeno, D. Vogli et al., Physical and cognitive function in midlife: reciprocal effects? A 5-year follow-up of the Whitehall II study, Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, vol.63, issue.6, pp.468-73, 2009.
DOI : 10.1136/jech.2008.081505
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00477877

J. Ferrie, M. Kivimaki, A. Singh-manoux, A. Shortt, P. Martikainen et al., Non-response to baseline, non-response to follow-up and mortality in the Whitehall II cohort, International Journal of Epidemiology, vol.38, issue.3, pp.831-838, 2009.
DOI : 10.1093/ije/dyp153
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00371003